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Risk Assessment > Lec 1 > Flashcards

Lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Risk assessment definition:

A

the attempt to predict the likelihood of future offending in order to identify individuals in need of intervention

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2
Q

Risk assessment must specify:

A
  • Behavior
  • Potential damage or harm caused by the behavior
  • The probability that it will occur and under what circumstances
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3
Q

Risk management=

A

Interventions to manage or reduce risk

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4
Q

RNR model:

A
  1. Risk- offenders with higher risk of recidivism benefit most from intense treatment
  2. Need- only factors associated with reduction of recidivism should be addressed during treatment
  3. Responsivity- interventions should be tailored to offenders characteristics, like motivational level, personal circumstances, learning style
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5
Q

Big 4 of criminogenic needs:

A
  1. History of antisocial behavior
  2. Antisocial personality pattern
  3. Antisocial cognitions
  4. Antisocial peers
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6
Q

History of antisocial behavior (Big 4): risk and dynamic need:

A
  • Risk: early and ongoing involvement in a number and variety of antisocial acts in a variety of settings
  • Dynamic need- work on non-criminal alternative behaviors in high-risk situations
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7
Q

Antisocial personality pattern (Big 4): risk and dynamic need:

A
  • Risk: thrill-seeking, weak self-control, restless, aggressive
  • Dynamic need: work on problem-solving skills, self-management skills, anger management, and coping skills
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8
Q

Antisocial cognitions (Big 4): risk and dynamic need:

A
  • Risk: attitudes, beliefs, rationalizations that support criminal behavior, cognitive-emotional conditions of anger, resentment, and pride
  • Dynamic need: reduce antisocial cognitions, recognize risky ways of thinking and feeling, develop alternative and less risky ways of thinking and feeling, adopt a renewed or anti-criminal identity
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9
Q

Antisocial peers (Big 4): risk and dynamic need:

A
  • Risk: close contacts with criminal others and relative social isolation with non-criminal others, direct support for crime
  • Dynamic need: reduce contacts with cirminal others, build contacts/links with non-criminal others
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10
Q

Central 8 (Big 4+ Moderate 4)

A
  • Family/marital relationships
  • School and job
  • Prosocial recreational activities
  • Substance abuse
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11
Q

Relevant non-criminogenic needs for general offending behavior (4):

A
  • Self-esteem
  • Emotional problems
  • Psychiatric illness
  • Health
  • Indirectly contribute to the reduction of dynamic risk
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12
Q

Important non-criminogenic risk factors that seem to be directly related to recidivism reduction (2):

A
  • A decrease in negative emotions

- Successful treatment process from the client

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13
Q

External responsivity (RNR):

A

type of treatment, characteristics of the therapist, availability of adequate interventions, possibilities offered by the treatment environment (stability, quality of life, mobility)

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14
Q

Internal responsivity (RNR):

A

take into account the individual characteristics of a client: intellect, personality, disorder, treatment motivation, learning style

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15
Q

4 generations of risk assessment instruments:

A

-1st generation: unstructured professional judgment
-2nd generation: actuarial instruments
-3rd generation: structured professional judgment (1st generation + 2nd generation)
4th generation: +case management

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16
Q

1st generation risk assessment instrument:

A
  • Unstructured professional judgement

- No underlying assessment instrument

17
Q

1st gen advantages:

A
  • not expensive
  • flexible, convenient
  • no training needed
18
Q

1st gen disadvantages:

A
  • Lack of consistency and transparency
  • Susceptible to biases
  • No training needed
  • Lack f scoring integrity
  • Accuracy equal to chance
  • Poor reliability and validity
19
Q

2nd generation insturment:

A

-Actuarial
-Empirically-based, mostly statistic items
Score a list of factors and add them up, look in norm table

20
Q

2nd gen advantages:

A
  • Transparent/objective
  • Good reliability and predictive validity
  • Interrater reliability
  • Quick and easy to conduct
  • Replicable
21
Q

2nd gen disadvantages:

A
  • A-theoretical (not based on theory, explanation models)
  • Unchangeable, thus also does not allow for change over time
  • Limited identification of treatment targets
  • Limited integration of interventions
  • Only risk factors, and no protective factors
  • No clinical override
  • Risk categories based on group data
22
Q

3rd generation instruments:

A
  • Structured professional judgment

- Includes protective + dynamic risk factors and (non-)criminogenic needs

23
Q

3rd gen advantages:

A
  • transparent
  • sensitive to change
  • good reliability and predictive validity
  • identification of treatment goals
  • professional is always in the lead
  • context dependent
  • multi-dimensional
  • risk formulation
24
Q

3rd gen disadvantages:

A
  • more time consuming
  • repeated measures to examine changes
  • limited integration of intervention
25
Q

4th gen instruments:

A
  • A combination of all generations + case planning and interventions
26
Q

4th gen advantages:

A
  • transparent
  • sensitive to change over time
  • theoretically sound
  • allows for clinical judgment
  • incorporates interventions
27
Q

4th gen disadvantages:

A
  • more time consuming
  • repeated measures to examine changes
  • training and expertise
28
Q

Static risk factors:

A

Not changeable/treatable (e.g., age, ethnicity, type of offense, first conviction). Give an idea of a basic risk but not be used to handle the offenders

29
Q

Dynamic risk factors:

A

Changeable/treatable. Interventions aim to change dynamic risk factors → ‘’causal’’ status
- Also called criminogenic needs.

30
Q

Stable dynamic risk factors:

A
  • Modifiable but unlikely to change
  • Personal skill deficits and learned behaviors -Can be changed through a process of effortful treatment (e.g., impulse control, poor attachment)
31
Q

Acute dynamic risk factors:

A
  • Modifiable and likely to change
  • Highly transient conditions that only last hours or days
  • Rapidly changing because of environmental triggers or intrapersonal stresses related to re-offense (e.g., intoxication, negative mood)
32
Q

Protective factors:

A
  • Prosocial means or strategies to achieve one or more primary human goods, also referred to as common life goals
  • Protective factors are buffers
  • Improve prediction accuracy
33
Q

Good Lives Model (GLM):

A

-Accomplish a good life by fulfilling these primary goods

34
Q

Specific offender populations:

A
  • Sex offenders (hands-on/off)
  • Offenders with an ID
  • Women
  • Youth

Risk Assessment (10 decks)

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