week 6: Middle Ages and Renaissance Flashcards
was was the ‘monoepiscopal’ model of church?
a single bishop had authority over christian priests and congregations in a specified area, bishops now gaining spiritual authority over specific geographical areas
what kind of authority did priests now have?
both spiritual and political
by the middle of the fourth century where had metropolitan bishops emerged?
Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch
what was the perception of the bishop of Rome?
that he stood above other bishops and churches by convention, as Rome was ‘the eternal city’ and Peter and Paul were martyred and buried in Rome.
what title was the bishop of Rome given
Pope
who isolated the term ‘pope’ to the bishop of Rome?
Sicicius pope from 384-99
when did Popes come to play an important role in negotiation with invaders
after emperors had abandoned Rome in the face of Visigoth threat in the first decade of the fifth century but popes remained
were military campaigns by Constantinople to incorporate Italy back into the eastern empire in the sixth century successful?
no
in the seventh century, what had Byzantium established in regards to Italy?
a large territory which formed a diagonal band from northeaster Italy to Rome and Naples in the South west.
despite Byzantium territorial gain in Italy in the seventh century, why was the pope able to continue his political and social influence?
because the emperor struggled to assert authority in the western parts of Italy
by the end of the sixth century, what was the only international organisation in Western Europe to have survived the collapse of the Roman Empire?
the church
when was Gregory the Great Pope?
590-604
How did Gregory the Great increase christianises reach and influence, outside of the church of Italy?
sending a mission of benedictine monks to convert the pagan Anglo-Saxons.
what model of church government did Gregory the Great establish
the country was divided up into dioceses each ruled by. bishop, bishops accountable to archbishops and archbishops accountable to the Pope
Where did Gregory the Great want to locate his archbishop?
London, but eventually it ended up being in Canterbury, Kent
would the form of christianity that Gregory introduced in England be subject to local control?
no, under the control of the Pope in Rome
where did English missionaries bring their new model of church government in the eighth century?
to Germany and France consolidating the authority of the pope over Western European churches
what were the Papal States
lands owned and controlled by the papacy
what was the outcome of Frankish ruler Pepin the Short giving lands he had conquered in northern Italy to the Pope?
establishing a region over which the Pope had both temporal and spiritual power
where are the Celtic regions of Europe?
Ireland, Scotland, Cornwall, Brittany, Wales
which Celtic region established itself as a major missionary centre during the fifth and sixth centuries?
Ireland
who is often regarded as responsible for the evangelisation of Ireland?
Magonus Sacatus Patricius - Patrick (c. 390-460)
Patrick’s background?
Captured in Wales and sold as a slave, escaped and returned home after six years in captivity. unsure what happened in between escape and return home, some suggest he spent time familiarising with monasticism in regions of southern France
what allowed noble families in Ireland to become integrated into monastic structures?
it had no permanent settlements as it was primarily a nomadic society
what was the Irish mode of Christianity seen as?
a threat to the Roman model of the episcopate in which the government of the church resided firmly in the hands of bishops
what did abbots of Iona reject
bishops to formally ordain them
what are Abbeys
responsible for the pastoral care of churches which grew up in their vicinity
what were Celtic church leaders openly critical of
worldly wealth and status and any form of luxury
theologically what did Celtic christianity stress?
the importance of the world of nature as a means of knowing God
what were the main purpose of Irish monasteries
they were centres for missionary activity, often using sea lanes as channels for the transmission of christianity
what did Columba do?
brought christianity from the north of Ireland to the Western isles of Scotland and established the abbey of Iona as a missionary outpost
from Iona where did christianity spread?
southwards and eastwards
what did Celtic christianity make difficult?
threatened the authority of Rome and thus would make it difficult to make christianity culturally acceptable and to make monasticism the norm from christian living.
what was the outcome of of Augustine of Cantabury being sent to England in 597?
evangelised the English causing tensions between roman forms of christianity in southern England verses the Celtic traditions in the north
by when had christianity spread throughout much of the Middle East?
by 600 including regions of western North Africa
what changed the status of Christianity in the Middle East and the belief system of the Arab people?
The rise of Islam based on teachings of Muhammad (570-632)
why was islam spread so quickly after Muhammad’s death in 632?
military conquest and the weakness of surrounding regions which were often exhausted by tensions with neighbouring regions
640-643- where did the first islamic expansion reach?
Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine , Egypt, Persian empire
which three of the five metropolitan sees of the ‘pentarchy’ were now in islamic hands
Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch
