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Science > GCSE physics > Flashcards

GCSE physics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the properties of a solid?

A
  • strong forces of attraction hold the particles close together in a fixed, regular arrangement.
  • the particles don’t have much energy so they can only vibrate about their fixed positions.
  • the density is generally highest in this state as the particles are the closest together.
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2
Q

what are the properties of a liquid?

A
  • there are weaker forces of attraction between the particles
  • the particles are close together, but can move past each other, and form irregular arrangements
  • for any given substance, in the liquid state it particles will have more energy than in the solid state
  • they move in random directions at low speeds
  • liquids are generally less dense than solids
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3
Q

what are the properties of a gas?

A
  • there are almost no forces of attraction between the particles
  • gases have low densities
  • for any given substance, in the gas state its particles will have more energy than in the solid or the liquid state
  • they are free to move and travel in random directions at high speeds
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4
Q

what is the size of current?

A

the size of current is the rate of flow of charge

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5
Q

do cells and batteries have a direct or alternating current?

A

direct current

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6
Q

what is pressure?

A

force exerted on an object

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7
Q

what is the equation for work done?

A

force x distance

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8
Q

what is the 1st step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

using the balance, measure and record the mass of the copper block in kg

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9
Q

what is the 2nd step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

wrap the insulation around the block

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10
Q

what is the 3rd step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

put the heater into the large hole in the block and the block onto the heat-proof mat

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11
Q

what is the 4th step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

connect the power pack and ammeter in series and the voltmeter across the power pack

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12
Q

what is the 5th step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

using a pipette, put a drop of water into the small hole

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13
Q

what is the 6th step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

put the thermometer into the small hole and measure the temperature

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14
Q

what is the 7th step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

switch the power pack to 12V and turn it on

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15
Q

what is the 8th step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

read and record the voltmeter and ammeter readings-during the experiment, they shouldn’t change

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16
Q

what is the 9th step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

turn on the stop clock and record the temperature every minute for 10 minutes

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17
Q

what is the 10th step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

record the results in a table

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18
Q

what is the 11th step for the specific heat capacity practical?

A

calculate work done and plot a line of work done against temperature

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19
Q

what is a direct current?

A

the flow of electrons is continually in one direction

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20
Q

what is an alternating current?

A

the flow of electrons continually reverses

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21
Q

what is resistance?

A

anything in the circuit which slows the flow of current down

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22
Q

how do you calculate potential difference?

A

current x resistance

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23
Q

what does the current depend on?

A

depends on the potential difference of the component and the resistance across it

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24
Q

what is beta radiation?

A

emits electrons, when a neutron splits into a protons= and an electron

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25
Q

what is an advantage and disadvantage of using geothermal energy?

A

advantage
reliable as rocks will always be hot

disadvantage
may release some greenhouse gases

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26
Q

what did Ernest Rutherford do and when?

A

in 1909
-he fired alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil, he discovered that most of the mass is in the nucleus, the nucleus is positively charged, most of the atom is empty space and the mass is concentrated in the centre

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27
Q

what is irradiation?

A

exposure to radiation

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28
Q

what is radioactive decay?

A

unstable isotopes tend to decay into other elements and give out radiation as they try to become more stable

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29
Q

what are some ways to prevent exposure to radiation?

A
  • lead lined boxes
  • standing in a different room
  • standing behind a barrier
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30
Q

what is latent heat?

A

the energy needed to change the state of a substance

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31
Q

what is an advantage and disadvantage of using biofuels?

A

advantage
carbon neutral

disadvantage
expensive

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32
Q

what happened during the alpha scattering experiment?

A

they fired a beam of alpha particles at a thin gold sheet of gold foil, they thought that all the particles would go straight through

  • they found that some deflected backwards
  • that some deflected away
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33
Q

how can radiation be measured?

A

using a guiger counter and muller tube

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34
Q

which is the most to least ionising, alpha, beta or gamma?

A

alpha
beta
gamma

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35
Q

where does convection take place?

A

liquids and gases

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36
Q

what did JJ Thompson do and when?

A

Thompson suggested the plum pudding model-the atom is a ball of charge with electrons scattered within it/ 1897

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37
Q

what are 6 ways to generate energy?

A
  • geothermal
  • solar
  • wind
  • hydroelectric
  • nuclear
  • tidal
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38
Q

what does a ‘random process’ in terms of radioactivity mean?

A

the decay of a radioactive nuclei cannot be predicted

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39
Q

what did James Chadwick do and when?

A

he discovered neutrons in the nucleus/around 1940

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40
Q

what did Niels Bohr do and when?

A

he theorized that electrons orbited the nucleus in shells/1911

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41
Q

what is an advantage and disadvantage of using hydroelectric energy?

A

advantage
can increase supply if needed

disadvantage
can have a big impact on habitats

42
Q

what is an advantage and disadvantage of using wave power?

A

advantage
renewable

disadvantage
unreliable

43
Q

what is ionising radiation?

A

radiation that knocks electrons off of atoms

44
Q

what is gamma radiation?

A

a wave of radiation and is the most penetrating

45
Q

what is thermal conductivity?

A

a measure of how quickly energy is transferred through a material in this way (conduction)

46
Q

what is an advantage and disadvantage of using solar energy?

A

advantage
is renewable

disadvantage
only works during the day

47
Q

what is an advantage and disadvantage of using wind energy?

A

advantage
no pollution

disadvantage
only works when there is enough wind

48
Q

where does conduction normally take place?

A

in solids, as the particles are closer together than in the liquid or gas state

49
Q

what is the equation that links specific latent heat of fusion energy, mass and latent heat of fusion?

A

specific latent heat of fusion=mass x latent heat of fusion

50
Q

what is an advantage and disadvantage of using non-renewable?

A

advantage
is enough to keep up with current demand

disadvantage
is leading to climate change

51
Q

what is a half-life?

A

the time it takes for the amount of radioactive particles in an isotope to half

52
Q

what is an advantage and disadvantage of using tidal energy?

A

advantage
reliable

disadvantage
can impact the environment

53
Q

what is conduction?

A

the process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighboring particles

54
Q

what is alpha radiation?

A

emits alpha particles, a proton and a neutron from the nucleus of a radioactive atom

55
Q

what is convection?

A

where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions

56
Q

what is the first step for investigating resistance?

A

attach a crocodile clip to the wire, level with 0cm on the ruler

57
Q

what is the second step for investigating resistance?

A

attach the second crocodile clip to the wire e.g. 10cm away from the first clip. write down the length of the wire between the clips

58
Q

what is the third step for investigating resistance?

A

close the switch, then record the current through the wire and the potential difference across it

59
Q

what is the fourth step for investigating resistance?

A

open the switch then move the second crocodile clip e.g. another 10cm along the wire. close the switch again then record the new length, current and potential difference

60
Q

what is the fifth step for investigating resistance?

A

repeat for a number of different lengths of the test wire

61
Q

what is the sixth step for investigating resistance?

A

use your measurements of current and potential difference to calculate the resistance for each length of wire

62
Q

what is the seventh step for investigating resistance?

A

plot a graph of resistance against wire length and draw a line of best fit

63
Q

what is the eighth step for investigating resistance?

A

your graph should be a straight line through the origin, meaning resistance is directly proportional to length

64
Q

what is the ninth step for investigating resistance?

A

if your graph doesn’t go through the origin it could be due to a systematic error

65
Q

what is the equation that links density, volume and mass?

A

density=mass/volume

66
Q

what is the potential difference?

A

the driving force that pushes the charge around the circuit

67
Q

what is combustion?

A

when fuels react with oxygen they burn and release useful heat energy

68
Q

what is potential difference measured in?

A

volts (V)

69
Q

what is time measured in?

A

seconds (s)

70
Q

what is current measured in?

A

amps (A)

71
Q

what did John Dalton do and when?

A

at the start of the 19th century he described atoms as solid spheres

72
Q

how do you work out elastic potential energy?

A

1/2 x spring constant x spring extension (2)

73
Q

what does the graph of a filament lamp show?

A

as the current increases, the temperature of the filament increses so the resistance increases. This means less current can flow per potential difference so the graph gets shallower, hence the curve

74
Q

what does gamma decay do?

A

the mass of the nucleus and atom does not change

75
Q

what are the 3 main fossil fuels?

A
  • natural gas
  • oil
  • coal
76
Q

what does beta decay do?

A

the mass of the atom does not change but the number of protons increases

77
Q

what does alpha decay do?

A

causes the mass number to decrease by 4 and the atomic number to decrease by 2

78
Q

what does a I-V characteristic mean?

A

a graph which shows how the current flowing through a component changes as the potential difference across it is increased

79
Q

what is a system?

A

a object of a group of objects you are interested in

-when changed, energy is transferred (in or away)

80
Q

what is a linear component?

A

a ohmic conductor-I-V characteristic is a straight line

81
Q

what is a closed system?

A

where no energy or matter can escape

-net change is always 0

82
Q

what is the fifth step of the I-V characteristic practical?

A

plot a graph of current against voltage for the component

83
Q

what is the fourth step of the I-V characteristic practical?

A

swap over the wires connected to the cell, so the direction of the current is reversed

84
Q

what is the third step of the I-V characteristic practical?

A

take several pairs of readings from the ammeter and voltmeter to see how the potential difference across the component changes as well as current. Repeat each reading twice more to get an average potential difference at each current

85
Q

what is the second step of the I-V characteristic practical?

A

begin to vary the variable resistor- this alters the current flowing through the circuit and the potential difference across the component

86
Q

what is the first step of the I-V characteristic practical?

A

set up the circuit- connect a battery to a variable resistor, component and ammeter in series and the voltmeter in parallel to the component

87
Q

what is a non-linear component?

A

a diode or filament lamp-the I-V characteristic is curved

88
Q

what does the graph of a diode show?

A

current will only flow through a diode in one direction, as shown. the diode has a very high resistance in the reverse direction

89
Q

what is power?

A

the rate of energy transfer

90
Q

what is work done?

A

energy transferred

91
Q

how do you work out power?

A

power= energy/time

92
Q

how can you work out kinetic energy?

A

1/2 x mass x velocity (2)

93
Q

how can you work out gravitational potential energy?

A

mgh

94
Q

what is the specific heat capacity?

A

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree

95
Q

what is meant by contamination in terms of radioactive decay?

A

when unwanted radioactive particles get onto an object it is possible for said particles to get inside the body

96
Q

what does the graph of an ohimc conductor show?

A

at a constant temperature, current is directly proportional to potential difference- straight line

97
Q

what is meant by background radiation?

A

radiation that comes from natural sources such as food, air and rocks but also comes from man made sources

98
Q

what is the equation for charge?

A

current x time

99
Q

what is charge measured in?

A

coulombs (C)

100
Q

how do you work out efficiency?

A

useful power output/total power output

Science (3 decks)

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