Gender and Inequality

Question 1

Sex

Answer 1

Biological categories; male, female, other/intersex

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

socially constructed; the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a culture associates with a person’s biological sex

Question 3

gender identity

Answer 3

a person’s internal self-concept of being male or female, or a combination of both, or neither

Question 4

gender expression

Answer 4

how we express ourselves to others in ways related to gender; feminine, masculine, or other (non-binary/genderqueer)

Question 5

gender roles

Answer 5

culturally approved behavioral expectations associated with being male or female (gender roles vary across cultures)

Question 6

Gender inequality

Answer 6

in almost all societies, women have less power and less value than men

Question 7

Differences in life chances by sex

Answer 7

1. health
2. education
3. work and income
4. safety/victimization - sexual harassment, sexual assault, stalking, IPV

Question 8

Health differences by sex - life expectancy

Answer 8

estimates for boys born in 2010 - 75.6 years; girls=81.4

both biological and sociological (gender role) factors

Question 9

health differences by sex - physical and mental health

Answer 9

• types of illnesses
• differences in treatment emphasis, $ spent on research
• differences in effectiveness coping strategies, support

Question 10

gender inequality and education - illiteracy

Answer 10

worldwide = 20% of population; 2/3 are women - why?

Question 11

gender inequality and education - educational attainment

Answer 11

• differences in level or type of education
• differences in learning styles
• “tracking” issues

Question 12

gender bias in education - new gender challenges

Answer 12

• academics
• sexual harassment
• teachers/administration
• single-sex schools/classes
• teacher bias
• student beliefs
• learned helplessness
• self-imposed stereotyping

Question 13

gender inequality in work and income

Answer 13

• Americans age 25-44: 92% of men and women are in the labor force
• earnings gap: US women working full-time earn approx. 81% as much as men

Question 14

Why do women earn less than men?

Answer 14

• Different occupations - occupational segregation; gendered occupations, different qualifications, and discrimination
• same occupation, different earnings - gender gap in earning; “glass escalator” and “glass ceiling”

Question 15

Gender inequality and work: additional issues

Answer 15

• maternal profiling(also FRD-family responsibilities discrimination) – mothers are 44% less likely to be hired than similarly experienced and degreed non-mothers and are offered $11,000 less
• sexual harassment
• “second shift”

Question 16

Sexual violence statistics

Answer 16

• 1 in 5 women and 1 in 71 men will be raped at some point in their lifetimes
• 91% of the victims of rape and sexual assault are female, and 9% are male
• in 8 out of 10 cases of rape, the victim knew the person who sexually assaulted them

Question 17

Campus sexual assault statistics

Answer 17

• 1 in 5 women and 1 in 16 men are sexually assaulted while in college
• more than 90% of sexual assault victims on college campuses do not report the assault
• in one study, 63.3% of men who self-reported acts qualifying as rape or attempted rape admitted to committing repeat rapes

Question 18

Lifetime Prevalence of Rape, Physical Violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner

Answer 18

For women:
- Lesbian 43.8%
-Bisexual 61.1%
-Heterosexual 35%
For men:
- gay 26%
-Bisexual 37.3%
- Heterosexual 29%