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College Biology & Ecology > Stupid Plants > Flashcards

Stupid Plants Flashcards

2
Q

Describe the formation of a new plant cell

A

vesicles gather at the middle “cell plate” -> vesicles fuse to form the middle lamella -> daughter cells secrete wall material and separate

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3
Q

The division of plant cells create a _____ gradient within cell walls

A

age gradient

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4
Q

Functions of the root system

A

anchorstoragenutrient absorption

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5
Q

An important part of the root system is its large

A

surface area

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6
Q

What is the shoot system of a plant?

A

leaves, stems, flowers

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7
Q

Leaves are the _____ of photosynthesis

A

chief organs

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8
Q

Functions of the stems

A

hold and display the leaves to the sunconnections and transport of materials

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9
Q

radicle

A

embryonic root

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10
Q

The primary root is also called the

A

taproot

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11
Q

The taproot grows outward by extending

A

lateral roots

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12
Q

taproot + lateral roots =

A

taproot system

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13
Q

adventitious roots

A

shallow roots growing from ground level or below

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14
Q

Fibrous root system

A

numerous thin roots

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15
Q

Prop-roots are

A

just thicker roots that “prop” the plant up

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16
Q

Shoots are composed of repeating modules called

A

phytomers

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17
Q

List the parts of a phytomer

A

Node, internode, leaves, axullary buds

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18
Q

What is a node?

A

where a leaf attaches to a stem

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19
Q

what is an internode

A

the interval of stem between two nodes

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20
Q

what is an axillary bud?

A

little bulges that form the angle where the leaf meets the stem. They can grow more branches

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21
Q

What is the terminal bud?

A

the bud at the end of a stem/branch at the top of the plant

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22
Q

What is the primary site of photosynthesis

A

leaves

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23
Q

stem of the leave is called the

A

petiole

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24
Q

Cells have a central _____ that takes up about 90% of the cells volume

A

vacuole

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25
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

vacuolar membrane

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26
Q

middle lamella is

A

the glue-like substance between the cell plates, thin layer between the walls of two daughter cells

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27
Q

The primary cell wall is the ____ layer and the secondary is the ___ layer

A

outerinner

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28
Q

The primary cell wall is made of __ types of polysaccharides and what are they

A

3: cellulose, hemicelluolse, pectins

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29
Q

Cell wall cellulose contain

A

microfibrils

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30
Q

The protoplast is

A

The plant cell plasma membrane and everything inside

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31
Q

When cell expansion stops, the _____ cell wall forms

A

secondary

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32
Q

What is lignin

A

the type of cellulose for the secondary wall. It also “lignifies” the middle lamella and primary wall as well

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33
Q

What is plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasm filled canals for communication between plant cells

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34
Q

basal-apical axis

A

arrangement of cells and tissues along main axis from root to shoot

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35
Q

radial axis

A

concentric arrangement of tissue systems

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36
Q

meristems are

A

undifferentiated cells that perform all post-embryonic development

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37
Q

When a daughter cell produces a supporting structure its called the

A

suspensor

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38
Q

Cotyledons are

A

the first leaves of a germinating plant

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39
Q

Shoot and root apical midstems are

A

sites where the plant will continue to grow

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40
Q

The plant body is constructed from how many tissue systems and name them

A

3dermalvascularground

41
Q

Describe the dermal tissue system

A

makes up the epidermis of the plant1-cell layer

42
Q

3 special cells of the epidermis

A

stomatal guard cellstrichomesroot hairs

43
Q

What are stomatal guard cells

A

(stomata) pores for gas exchange

44
Q

What are trichones

A

leave hairs that provide protection

45
Q

what are root hairs

A

hairs that increase surface area for more nutrient uptake

46
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

outer waxy protective layer to prevent water loss and protection

47
Q

The ground tissue system is

A

all tissue lying between the dermal and vascular tissue

48
Q

T/F: the ground tissue system makes up most of the plant body

A

True

49
Q

Functions of the ground tissue system

A

storage, support, photosynthesis

50
Q

3 cell types of the ground tissue system

A

parenchyma - storage and photosynthesiscollenchyma - flexibilitysclerenchyma - support

51
Q

The vascular system takes care of

A

plumbing and transport

52
Q

2 parts of the vascular system

A

xylem and phloem

53
Q

The xylem contains conducting cells called _____ and what are they

A

tracheary elementstreacheids and vessel elements

54
Q

describe tracheids

A

zig-zag type flow up the cells by pitscame before vessel elements

55
Q

pits

A

areas where plasmodesmata lieallow the flow up the tracheids

56
Q

Water flow in elements goes

A

straight up

57
Q

both treacheary elements of the xylem are functioning when the cells are ___. Why?

A

Dead. So there is space in the cells for water to move through. No obstruction

58
Q

The phloem’s function is to

A

transport nutrients (not water)

59
Q

sieve tube elements are

A

the cells of the phloem

60
Q

The difference between the growth of animals and plants is that plants grow

A

indeterminantly

61
Q

Primary growth is

A

the lengthening to branches/stems/roots

62
Q

Secondary growth is

A

increase of thickness / roundness/ widening/ horizontally (aka girth)

63
Q

primary growth = _____ plant bodysecondary growth = ___ plant body

A

primarysecondary

64
Q

_____ are the plants equivalent to an animals stem cell

A

initials

65
Q

Two type of meristems that contribute to adult growth

A

apical and lateral meristems

66
Q

Apical meristems orchestrate

A

primary growth (elongation)

67
Q

Lateral meristems take care of

A

secondary growth

68
Q

2 later meristems are

A

vascular cambiumcork cambium

69
Q

The meristem that grows leaves/branches/etcThe meristem that grows roots

A

Shoot apicalRoot apical

70
Q

The meristems that specifically grows leaves

A

vegitative meristem

71
Q

The meristem that grows flowers/buds

A

influorescence meristem

72
Q

What is the primary meristem and name each type of primary meristem

A

A set of cylindrical meristems in both the shoot and root apical meristems1-protoderm2-ground meristem3-procambium

73
Q

Name each primary primary meristem and each tissue system it correlates to

A

protoderm - dermalground meristem - groundprocambium- vascular

74
Q

The end of the root apical meristem is the

A

root cap

75
Q

What does the root cap do?

A

protects the roots as they grow downward

76
Q

the apical and primary meristems make the ______

A

zone of cell division

77
Q

What is the zone of cell division

A

the source of all of the root’s primary tissues

78
Q

What is above the zone of cell division

A

its the zone of cell elongation

79
Q

above the zone of cell elongation there is the

A

zone of maturation

80
Q

at the zone of maturation the plant cells

A

differentiate/ specialize

81
Q

The cortex is devolped from the ___ tissues and functions as ____

A

ground tissues, storage

82
Q

What is the endodermis

A

The inner most layer of cortex cells

83
Q

T/F: the endodermis is waterproof

A

True

84
Q

The vascular cylindar in plants is called the

A

stele

85
Q

The stele consists of what three tisues

A

pericyclexylemphloem

86
Q

What does the pericycle do

A

has undifferentiated cells that takes care of secondary growth and transport

87
Q

what is the pith?

A

region of parenchyma cells, the center of the root/stem

88
Q

The vascular tissues of the stem are divided into

A

vascular bundles

89
Q

photosynthetic parenchyma of the leaf

A

mesophyll

90
Q

What procues the waxy covering of the cells in secondary growth

A

cork cambium

91
Q

The secondary derThe vmal tissue is called the

A

periderm

92
Q

Elongation/expansion of cells require what pressure?

A

turgor

93
Q

Major increase of cell size occurs in the

A

vacuole

94
Q

apoplastic

A

Movment through water channels (empty space)Cells are dead a maturity

95
Q

What component thickens stems and roots?

A

vascular cambium

96
Q

symplastic

A

movement through the protoplast. must move like this to enter endoderm-provides selectivity for nutrients/ions

97
Q

Stomata open in

A

light or low CO2

98
Q

Stomata close in

A

high stress or high CO2

College Biology & Ecology (28 decks)

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