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BDS2 OSCE PREP > DISEASES OSCE > Flashcards

DISEASES OSCE Flashcards

1
Q

what is Achlorhydria?

A

the stomach does not produce hydrochloric acid (found in gastric acid)

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2
Q

what is Acromegaly?

A

pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone in adulthood

  • swollen hands
  • larger jaw/brow bone, spaced teeth
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3
Q

what is Acute Cholecystitis?

A

inflammation of the gallbladder (usually caused by gallstone blocking cystic duct)

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4
Q

what is Addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmune disorder where adrenal glands (found on top of kidneys) don’t produce enough cortisol or aldosterone because glands are damaged

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5
Q

what is AIDS?

A

the last stage of HIV infection, immune system can no longer fight infection

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6
Q

what is Anaemia?

A

body lack haemoglobin (usually may be caused by lack of iron, folic acid or vitamin B12)

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7
Q

what is classic Angina Pectoris?

A

reversible ischaemia of the heart

  • described as central crushing pain
  • worsens with exercise/exertion
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8
Q

what is unstable Angina Pectoris?

A

reversible ischaemia of the heart

  • described as central crushing pain
  • happens at rest
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9
Q

what is Aphthae?

A

group of small ulcers in the mucosa

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10
Q

what are Arrhythmia’s?

A

Irregular heartbeats

  • tachy arrhythmias (fast)
  • brady arrhythmias (slow)
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11
Q

what is Atherosclerosis?

A

Thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by build up of fatty plaques

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12
Q

what is Ascites?

A

fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity

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13
Q

what is Asthma?

A

Lung condition that causes breathing difficulties characterised by:

  • excessive mucous
  • inflammation of airways
  • smooth muscle contraction of airways
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14
Q

what is Asystole?

A

Heart completely stops beating/no electricity or movement in heart

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15
Q

What is Atrial Fibrillation?

A

irregular and often fast heart rhythm

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16
Q

what is Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

Inflammation to the lining of the oesophagus where cells begin to change from squamous cells to columnar.
Caused by acid reflux and can lead to metaplasia

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17
Q

what is Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy?

A

Hypertrophy of the prostate (enlargement) leads to blockage of the urethra and urine outflow causing dysuria

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18
Q

what is Bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes (usually caused by a virus)

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19
Q

what are Cataracts?

A

Clouded lenses causing less light to pass into eye (often a complication of diabetes)

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20
Q

what is Chronic Bronchitis>

A

type of COPD that is long term inflammation of the bronchi

- long term cough with mucous

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21
Q

what is Cirrhosis?

A

Scarring of the liver caused by chronic liver failure/damage (usually caused by alcohol)

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22
Q

what is Co-artication of Aorta?

A

Narrowing or contraction in a part of the aorta

- congenital condition

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23
Q

what is Coeliac Disease?

A

Immune system damages villi in small intestine when patient eats gluten

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24
Q

what is a Colonic Carcinoma?

A

Cancer which affects the colon or rectum

arises from polyps

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25
Q

what virus typically causes the common cold?

A

rhinovirus

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26
Q

what is Coronary Artery Disease?

A

Buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply blood to muscles of the heart (atherosclerosis)

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27
Q

what is Crohn’s Disease?

A

Long term inflammatory bowel disease, affects any part of the GI tract (usually ileocaecal junction)

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28
Q

what is Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

condition in which patient has too much cortisol in their body

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29
Q

what is COPD?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  • characterised by chronic bronchitis and emphysema
  • makes it difficult to breathe
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30
Q

what is Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Overproduction of aldosterone in body (can lead to adrenal tumour)

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31
Q

what is Cyanosis?

A

Skin turns blue due to poor oxygenation of blood

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32
Q

what is Cystic Fibrosis?

A
  • autoimmune disease that causes excessive mucous buildup in lungs and pancreas
  • faulty CFTR gene
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33
Q

what is Cystitis?

A

inflammation of the bladder

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34
Q

what is Dermatitis Herpeformis?

A

skin condition (causes ulceration/aphthae) associated to reactions to glucose/coeliac disease

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35
Q

what is Type One Diabetes?

A

condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin

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36
Q

what is Type Two Diabetes?

A

resistance to insulin/cells dont respond normally to insulin

37
Q

what is Diabetic Retinopathy?

A

Damage of blood vessels to the retina causing vision problems

38
Q

what is Dysuria?

A

difficulty urinating

39
Q

what is an Embolus?

A

anything that passes through a blood vessel until it becomes stuck in a small blood vessel

40
Q

what is Emphysema?

A

Destruction of alveoli which leads to large air filled spaces in the lungs that don’t function

41
Q

what is Encephalopathy?

A

damage or disease of the brain

42
Q

what are Gastric Ulcers?

A

ulcers in lining of stomach that can be caused by H. Pylori

43
Q

what is Gastroenteritis?

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines that causes vomiting and diarrhoea

44
Q

what is Gigantism?

A

excessive growth hormone in childhood

- usually caused by an adenoma/tumour on pituitary gland

45
Q

what is Glomerulonephritis?

A

Damage to glomeruli of kidneys

46
Q

what is Goitre?

A

Swelling of the thyroid gland that causes a lump in the front of the neck (caused by hyperthyroidism)

47
Q

what is Grave’s Disease?

A

Autoimmune disorder which causes overproduction of thyroid hormones/hyperthyroidism

48
Q

what is Haemophilia?

A

Inherited condition that affects the ability of blood to clot

49
Q

what is Hairy Leukoplakia?

A

white patch in mouth that has a hairy appearance, usually associated with HIV

50
Q

what is Hashimoto’s Disease?

A

autoimmune disorder in which body attacks the thyroid gland resulting in underproduction of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism)

51
Q

what is a Hiatus Hernia?

A

part of the stomach pushes up and extends into thorax

52
Q

what is Hyperkalaemia?

A

high levels of potassium in the blood, can cause a myocardial infarction

53
Q

what is Hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

54
Q

what is Infective Endocarditis?

A

Infection to the heart valves on endocardium caused by bacteria entering the blood system

55
Q

what is Ischaemia?

A

reduced/inadequate blood supply to organs

56
Q

what is Jaundice?

A

yellowing of skin/eyes due to high levels of bilirubin in the circulation

57
Q

what is Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

cancer cells are found in the skin or mucous membranes that line the GI tract?

58
Q

what is Kernicterus?

A

brain damage that can result from high levels of bilirubin in a babies blood

59
Q

what is Leukaemia?

A

neoplastic proliferation of white cells, disseminated in the bloodstream

60
Q

what is Leukopenia?

A

low leukocyte (white blood cells) levels in the blood

61
Q

what is Lymphoma?

A

neoplastic proliferation of white cells, presented as a tumour (usually in the lymph nodes)

62
Q

what is Orofacial Granulomatosis?

A

Crohn’s disease found in the mouth leading to ulceration and gingivitis

63
Q

what is Pancytopenia?

A

All blood cells reduced (lower RBCs and WBCs)

64
Q

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A

congenital condition that transmits blood between aorta and pulmonary artery

65
Q

what is Peripheral Vascular Disease?

A

ischaemia of tissues except from the heart, commonly in legs

66
Q

what are Pituitary Tumours?

A

Adenoma in pituitary gland that can cause gland dysfunction and affect sight

67
Q

what is Pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the alveoli of the lungs (they fill with fluid)

68
Q

what is Polycystic Kidney Disease?

A

cysts in the parenchyme of kidney due to a gene mutation

- can lead to renal failure

69
Q

what is polydypsia?

A

excessive or abnormal thirst

70
Q

what is Porphyria?

A
  • abnormality of haem metabolism
  • gives a photosensitive rash
  • dark urine
71
Q

what is Prostatitis?

A

Inflammation of the prostate

72
Q

what is Pseudomembranous Colitis?

A

inflammation of the colon (caused by Clostridium Difficile)

73
Q

what is Type One Respiratory Failure?

A

Hypoxaemia (thickening of alveolar barrier)

  • low oxygen
  • low/normal CO2
74
Q

what is Type 2 Respiratory Failure?

A

Hypercapnia (airway narrowing)

  • low oxygen
  • HIGH CO2
75
Q

what is Rheumatic fever?

A

acute fever caused by streptococcus

- inflammation of the joints, heart, brain and skin

76
Q

what is SEPSIS?

A

The body’s extreme response to infection (life-threatening)

77
Q

what is Septicaemia?

A

Blood poisoning caused by presence of bacteria

78
Q

what is Sickle-Cell Anaemia?

A

Inherited disorder

  • globin chains are abnormal
  • forms RBCs that have curled up edges
79
Q

what is Obstructive Sleep Apnoea?

A

Muscles that support throat soft tissues relax and cause breathing to stop

80
Q

what is Central Sleep Apnoea?

A

Brain doesn’t send proper signals to the breathing muscles

81
Q

what is an Ischaemic Stroke?

A

Blood clot blocks flow of blood to brain (brain tissue dies due to lack of oxygen)

82
Q

what is a Haemorrhage stroke?

A

Blood leaks from an artery into the brain and stops brain function

83
Q

what is Thalassaemia?

A

Inherited disorder, body makes abnormal form of haemoglobin

84
Q

what is Thrombocythaemia?

A

High platelet count

85
Q

what is Thrombocytopenia?

A

low platelet count

86
Q

what is Thrombophilia?

A

Excessive clotting of blood

87
Q

what is a Thrombosis?

A

Blood clot (on top of plaque) blocks vessel

88
Q

what is Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Discontinuous inflammatory bowel disease

- ONLY within the colon and rectum

89
Q

what is Valve Stenosis?

A

valve doesn’t open properly

BDS2 OSCE PREP (28 decks)

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