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Biology GCSE > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Any multicellular organism that involves the fusion of two gametes (from each parent) to form a zygote

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2
Q

Diploid

A

Full set of genetic information in an organism (46 for humans)

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3
Q

Haploid

A

Half a set of genetic information in an organism (23 for humans)

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4
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • All offspring are different (variation)
  • Species can adapt to the new environment
  • A disease is less likely to effect the individual’s in a population
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5
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • Need to find a mate (requires time and energy so few offspring are produced)
  • Needs two people
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6
Q

Zygote

A

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes. A fertilised ovum

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

Produces diploid ‘daughter’ cells that are genetically identical to their parents

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8
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Only one parent is needed
  • Faster than sexual reproduction
  • Population can increase rapidly
  • Requires less energy
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9
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • It does not lead to variation in the population
  • The species may be only suitable for one habitat
  • Disease effects all individuals in the population
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10
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Sexual reproduction, a form of cell division in the formation of gametes
  • Genetically different
  • 2 parents
  • Produces 4 cells (chromosome number is halved)
  • 2 divisions
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11
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

-Produces haploid non-identical sex cells called gametes. These fuse to form a diploid fertilised egg.

  • In animals it produces sperm and egg cells
  • In plants it produces pollen and egg cells
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12
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Genetically identical
  • 1 parent
  • Produces 2 cells
  • 1 division
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13
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Growth, Repair, Replace

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14
Q

What are gametes)

A
  • Sex cells such as egg or sperm cells

- They are haploid (half genetic information)

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15
Q

Where does Meiosis occur?

A

Occurs in reproductive organs

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16
Q

Where does mitosis occur?

A

-Everywhere in the body

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17
Q

What must occur prior to meiosis?

A

Interphase

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18
Q

First stage of meiosis

A
  • Chromosomes line up along the equator
  • Pairs of chromosomes are separated and move to opposite poles of cell (random for variation)
  • Chromosome number is halved
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19
Q

Second stage of meiosis

A
  • Chromosomes line up along equator
  • Chromosomes separate randomly to opposite poles
  • Four unique haploid cells are produced
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20
Q

Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction

A
  • Increases genetic variation

- Ensures that resultant zygote is diploid

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21
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Produces genetically identical offspring known as daughter cells (clones)
  • Involves mitosis
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22
Q

What is a chromosome

A

A linear DNA molecule tightly coiled around proteins

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23
Q

Why is mitosis important in gametes

A
  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Growth
  • Repair of damaged cells
  • Cell replacement
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24
Q

Four stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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25
Q

Gametes in a plant

A

Pollen- Produced by anther

Ova- Produced in the ovules

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26
Q

Cross pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another plant

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27
Q

Self-Pollination

A

When the pollen from a flowers anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower

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28
Q

Insect Pollinated Plant Features

A
  • Stamen enclosed (in flower)
  • Stigma is sticky and enclosed
  • Petals are bright and colourful
  • Nectaries are present to attract insects
29
Q

Wind Pollinated Plant Features

A
  • Stamen exposed outside plant
  • Stigma exposed and feathery to catch pollen
  • Petals are small and green
  • Nectaries are absent
30
Q

Sexual Reproduction in plants

A
  • In sexual reproduction, gametes are produced (pollen and ovum)
  • Gametes fuse to form a zygote
  • The zygote will divide many times by mitosis to form all the cells of the new organism
31
Q

Plant Fertilisation

A
  • Pollen grains deposited on stigma
  • Pollen grain grows a pollen tube which grows down the style
  • When tube meets ovule, gametes travel through the tube entering it
  • Fuses with ovum and divides by mitosis to form an embryo
32
Q

What does a plant ovary develop into?

A

Ovary develops into fruit

33
Q

What does plant ovule develop into?

A

Ovule develops into the seed

34
Q

Seed development

A
  • Zygote develops into embryonic plant with a small root (radicle) and shoot (plumule)
  • Other contents develop into a cotyledon
  • The ovule wall becomes the seed coat or testa
  • The ovary wall becomes the fruit
35
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

A food store for the young plant when it germinates

36
Q

What is a testa?

A

The hard coating of the seed

37
Q

Germination

A

Plants use their food stores (using enzymes) to use carbohydrates as fuel in respiration until they have a leaf that can photosynthesise

38
Q

Factors needed for germination

A

Oxygen - to aerobically respire
Warmth - Optimum temp for enzymes
Water - Activates enzymes

39
Q

Practical: Investigate the conditions needed for germination

A

C- Change the abiotic conditions in which the seeds germinate
O- Cress seeds are all taken from same parent plant
R- Repeat the investigation 3 times and take an average
M- Measure how meant seeds in each test tube germinate after a set period of time
S- Control type of water used, Control temp for tubes A, B and C

40
Q

Asexual reproduction in plants

A
  • Runners
  • Tubers
  • Bulbs
  • Cuttings
  • Graphtings
41
Q

How do runners reproduce

A

Asexually, a new plant is produced where the runner touches the ground

42
Q

How do tubers reproduce

A

Tubers are good stores so one plant can produce many tubers which each grow many shoots to form new plants

43
Q

How do bulbs reproduce

A

Asexually, they have underground buds containing stored food. New shoot grows out of parent bulb to form daughter bulb

44
Q

Cutting

A

Cut a piece of healthy plant with a few leaves and place in compost where it will continue to grow and develop a new plant

45
Q

Ovary

A

Where egg cells are formed by meiosis (in the follicle). Produces the hormone oestrogen and progesterone.

46
Q

Oviduct

A

Egg cells travel down this to the uterus. Lined with cilia which move the cell. It’s the site of fertilisation.

47
Q

Uterus (womb)

A

A lining forms here where the embryo implants and where the foetus develops (thick muscular wall). Contracts during labour.

48
Q

Cervix

A

Narrow opening to the uterus. Dilates during labour to allow baby to come out.

49
Q

Vagina

A

Where ans penis is inserted during sexual intercourse and where the baby passes through when born.

50
Q

Testes

A

Where sperm cells are formed during meiosis, produces testosterone.

51
Q

Sperm duct

A

Maturing sperm pass through this tube

52
Q

Seminal vesicles and prostate gland

A

Releases liquid into sperm duct to make semen, provides nutrients for sperm.

53
Q

Penis

A

Transports urine and amène out the body. Contains tissue which fills with blood to become erect (helps release semen in sexual intercourse)

54
Q

Urethra

A

Tube inside penis which transports urine or semen

55
Q

Placenta

A
  • Allows the embryo to obtain materials such as oxygen and nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol) (diffusion)
  • Allows embryo to get rid of waste (urea and carbon dioxide) (diffusion)
  • Anchors the embryo in the uterus
56
Q

What hormone does the placenta secrete?

A

Progesterone

57
Q

Amnion membrane

A

Encloses the embryo and secretes amniotic fluid which protects the embryo from bumps

58
Q

Foetus

A

When the embryo looks human

59
Q

Why is there no physical connection between the circulatory cells in mother and foetus?

A
  • The mothers blood pressure is much higher

- The mothers blood contains white blood cells that would attack foetal blood

60
Q

What causes puberty for boys?

A

Testosterone

61
Q

Secondary sexual characters for boys

A
  • Voice Breaks
  • Sperm Production Begins
  • Shoulders Broaden
  • Hair Growth
  • Muscular Development
  • Growth of Genitalia
  • Mood Swings and Acne
62
Q

What causes puberty for girls?

A

Oestrogen

63
Q

Secondary sexual characters for girls

A
  • Menstrual Cycle Begins
  • Pelvis Broadens
  • Hair Growth
  • Breasts Develop
  • Genitalia Growth
  • Mood Swings and Acne
64
Q

FSH in boys

A

Stimulates sperm production

65
Q

LH in boys

A

instructs testes to produce testosterone (male sex hormone)

66
Q

Menstrual Cycle: FSH

A
  • Secreted from Pituitary Gland

- Causes a single egg to mature in one of the ovaries inside a follicle

67
Q

Menstrual Cycle: LH

A
  • Secreted from Pituitary Gland

- Stimulates the release of the egg day 14

68
Q

Menstrual Cycle: Oestrogen

A
  • Secreted from the ovary
  • Causes uterus lining to grow
  • Inhibits FSH (no more eggs)
  • Stimulates LH
69
Q

Menstrual Cycle: Progesterone

A
  • Secreted from the ovary
  • Maintains the uterus lining
  • Inhibits FSH and LH

Biology GCSE (12 decks)

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