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BVetMed - Additional content > Mastitis > Flashcards

Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

WHat are the 2 forms of mastitis? Which is ht emost common?

A
  • Clinical

- Subclinical [most common]

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2
Q

What are the 2 forms of clinical mastitis?

A

Dry [environment] and lactation [contagious] infections

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3
Q

Weh is most dry mastitis noticed?

A

First 100d lactation

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4
Q

What is orbeseal?

A

Inert teat canal sealant prevents bacterial colonisation of ducts in dry period

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5
Q

How are contagious and environmental forms of mastitis spread?

A

contagious - in milking parlour

environmental - everywhere else but may also be spread in parlour

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6
Q

Are specific bacteria contagious or environmental? Give egs.

A

No - though some are more HOST ADAPTED [contagious]
- Strep agalactiea
- Staph areus
- Strep dysgalactiea
- Strep uberus
- E. Coli
and some more OPPORTUNISTIC [environmental]

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7
Q

Which type of mastitis causing bacteria (contagious or environmental) are most genetically diverse?

A

environmental

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8
Q

Where is klebsiella found?

A

Moist conditions environmentally, esp wood shavings and in the milk

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9
Q

What does a high bulk tank SCC indicate? Low SCC?

A
  • High = contagious, low severity, majority subclinical disease
  • Low = low numbers of environmental, high severity clinical disease cases
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10
Q

What is the national average incidence of clinical masitits cases?

A

35/100 cows/year [wide range]

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11
Q

Which area of the UK has a higher than average incidence of mastitis and why?

A

SE - majority of cows housed indoors on straw beds rather than pasture or cubicles

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12
Q

What is the most common severe, opportunistic, environmental bacterial cause of mastitis?

A

E Coli

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13
Q

How may incidence of disease be >100%?

A

Some cows contracting infections multiple times a year

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14
Q

Why are low SCCs associated with more severe disease?

A

No innate immunity in the herd

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15
Q

What impacts does mastitis have for the farmer (other than cow welfare)?

A
  • Quantitiy of milk
  • Quality of milk (ABx residues, $ penalty for >200,000SCC)
  • ~£100 per case lost roughly
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16
Q

What predisposing factor may lead to mastitis?

A

Poor teat score - keratitis, teat prolapse

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17
Q

What is the main sign seen in clinical mastitis?

A

Changes in milk - colour and clumps

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18
Q

What are the grades of mastitis?

A
  • Grade 1: Milk change only, v yield
  • Grade 2: Acute = milk changes, udder changes
    Chronic = persistent form of acute
  • Grade 3 = Systemically sick cow
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19
Q

WHat are the main bacteria involved in clinical mastitis? Which are less common agents?

A
  • Strep agalactiae [subclin only, found only in milk]
  • Strep dysgalactiae [teat injuries and ulcers, also found tonsils]
  • Strep uberis [envornmental]
  • Staph aureus [contagious]
  • E. COli [environmental]
    > Klebsiella, salmonella, yeasts, bacillus cereus, mycoplasma
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20
Q

How is subclinical mastitis diagnosable?

A
  • no visable changes in milk or cow
  • ^ SCC
    • CMT (Californian mastitis test)
  • v milk yiled
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21
Q

What does the Californian milk test involve?

A
  • Clean teat, strip
  • sample, add reagent (essentially washing up liquid)
  • assess for viscosity
    > ^ viscosity = +
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22
Q

Which bacteria are responsible for chronic or sub-clinical mastitis?

A
  • S aureus
  • S uberis
  • S agalctiae
    Corynebacterium bovis [minor pathogen, cow wont respond as cannot casue disease - good biomarker/indication of teat clceanliness
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23
Q

What should be specifically looked at on clinical exam of the dairy cow?

A 
> udder exam 
- inspection 
- palpation (udder, teat canal, cistern)
- LNs 
> milk exam (before CMT) - if clotted = clinical mastitis 
> CMT
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24
Q

What are the treatment options for mastitis?

A 
> ABx (generally broad spec eg. macrolide and penicillin) 
- systemic
- intramammary (DRY) 
- intramammary (LACTATION)
> Oxytocin (enourage milk let down) 
> NSAIDs
> corticosteroids 
> fluid therapy, Ca, dextrose - support sick cow
25
Q

Why should dry and lactating intramammary ABx not be mixed up?

A 
dry = ^ withdrawal 
lactating = too short an action will not be effective
26
Q

Is culturing recommended for mastitis?

A

Yes!
- clinical presentation will not differentiate causes
Usually advocated for recurrent cases, persistent infection, ^ SCC (save ££)
- freeze milk sample if farmer not wanting culture initially so can culture after if Tx fails

27
Q

What are the different forms of samples that can be taken?

A
  • bulk tank
  • pooled single cow (all quarters)
  • individual quarter sample (best)
    > Steralise teat end, 2 pre-strips, 2ml sample in sterile container.
28
Q

Do may cultures return useful results? What other assessment may be used?

A
  • 40% sterile
  • always some contamination (aim for can use PCR
  • do not mix up sample containers, PCR will have preservative that kills bacteria (not good for culture!)
29
Q

What type of disease do contagious organisms usually cause? HOw is this spread?

A
  • subclinical
  • spread cow to cow at milking
  • organisms prefer linving in udder and teat skin
30
Q

Give 4 main contagious bacteria associated with mastitis?

A
  • S agalactiae (rare, found in udder only)
  • S dysgalactiae (tonsils, udder, teat lesions)
  • S aureus (can hide from immune system, ^ resistence -> persistnet infection and abscesses)
  • (S uberis) - initially an environmental pathogen from damp straw, can spread between cows
31
Q

Give 2 minor pathogens assocated with contagious mastitis

A
  • Corynebacterium bovis
  • Coagulase-Neg Staph (CNS)
  • > unlikely to be pathogenic
  • may be protective?
32
Q

What are the 2 outcomes following infection of the udder with an environmental organism?

A
  • rapid elimination
  • serious mastitis
  • > MAY persist if dry cow infected until lactation begins
33
Q

How long is the dry period?

A

40-60d

34
Q

When do environmental agents usually gain entry to the udder?

A

milking time

35
Q

What are the main and less common environmental organisms associated with mastitis?

A 
> E Coli 
> Coliforms 
- S uberis
- Klebsiella (wood shavings) 
- Bacillus cereus
- funghi/yeasts
36
Q

What cells make up SCC?

A
  • inflammatory cells
  • epithelial
    > all milk contains some SCs
37
Q

How long is the lactation period?

A

305d

38
Q

What SCC is seen in clinical mastitis? Sub-clinical? Fincancial penalties? Cannot go for human consumption? Target?

A 
CLinical = millions cells/ml
Sub = >200,000 cells/ml
\$\$ = <100,000
39
Q

What is bulk tank SCC (BMSCC) a good estimation of?

A

Mastitis prevalence

40
Q

How is CONTAGIOUS mastitis controlled?

A

> 5 point plan

  • control spread at milking time
  • eliminate reservoirs of infection (Dry cow therapy, cuilling, ID subclin infected cows)
41
Q

What are the 5 points of the 5 point plan?

A
  1. prompt detection and tx of clinical cases
  2. post-milking teat dip (long ating steralisation)
  3. dry cow therap (ABx)
  4. cull persistent offenders
  5. regular service and maintainence of the milking machine (by competent person!)
42
Q

How is clinical mastitis best detected?

A
  • in milking parlour
  • pre-strip teats before milking (fore-milking)
    > flishes out bacteria rich milk, aids let down, check for clots
    > use strip cup to prevent contamination from mimlk on floor
43
Q

How may hygiene in the parlour be improved?

A
  • individual paper towels for udder wiping pre-milking
  • NO udder cloths
  • wear gloves
  • PRE- milking dips to improve hygiene further (short acting steralisation)
44
Q

What is PMTD? What is its purpose? How can practice be improved?

A

Post milking teat dipping
- kills bacteria, maintains teat condition
Also keep cows standing while teat sphincters still open (30mins post milking) eg. feed

45
Q

Give 4 examples of PMTDs

A
  • iodophores
  • chlorine based
  • chlorhexidine
  • quaternary ammonium compounds
46
Q

What is DCT? What are its aims? Is it effective?

A

Dry cow therapy
> LA ABx to remove existing subclin infection of dry cows (and to a lesser degree prevent further infection during dry period)
- All quarters infused with LA ABx at last milking
- More effective than lactating therapy
> Teat sealant = inert substance blocks entrance of bacteria eg. bismuth sulphate
- may cause black bits in cheese, BAD

47
Q

Why may DCT lead to problems?

A

If cow calves early may still be within withdrawal period of drug
- can be >51d PLUS 96hrs post calving

48
Q

When would cows be considered for culling? How else may they be managed?

A
  • 3 cases of mastitis within one lactation
  • persistent ^ SCC (not responsive to Tx)
    > put in problem herd (milked last)
    > tx at dry off
49
Q

What is the target for clinical mastitis incidence?

A

30 cases/100 cows/year

50
Q

What is the target SCC above which financial fines are imposed?

A

200,000cells/ml

51
Q

What does SCC indicate?

A

Prevalence (no. quarters infected on day of samping)

52
Q

How can records be used to investigate mastitis?

A

> calculate no cases/100 cows/ year
- compare with no. ABx intramammary treatements
- if high = poor efficacy of tubes
- if low = poor compliance
look for problem cows (>3 cases in one lactation, individual SCC high in >2 months)

53
Q

What are the 3 options for treating problems cows?

A
  1. cull
  2. isolate into problem herd (milk last)
  3. treat - bacteriology on affected quarter, prolonged ABx
    > Do not put with freshly calved cows!!
54
Q

What are the 5 points of the 5 point plan?

A
  1. early detection and immediate Tx
    2.post milking teat dipping
  2. dry cow ABx
  3. cull offending cows
  4. maintainence of milk machine
    > most of these occour in the parlour
55
Q

How may environmental cleanliness be assessed?

A

Cow cleanliness score

56
Q

What does bactoscan show?

A
  • indication of no. bacteria in milk
    (replaced total bacterial count)
  • mostly from contamination of milk on farm
57
Q

What is the requirement and target values for bactoscan?

A

requirement < 20,000/ml

58
Q

What are the 4 sources of bacteria in milk?

A
  1. mastitis
  2. contamination feaces etc
  3. milking machine dirty (cheesy pipes)
  4. failure of refridgeration in bulk tank
59
Q

What parameters are tested in the bulk tank sample?

A
  • SCC
  • Bactoscan
  • Fat
  • Protein
  • ABx
  • Water
  • Urea (or milk urea nitrogen, similar but not ==)

BVetMed - Additional content (20 decks)

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