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BSC Zoology - Parasitology > 23. Arthropods (Intro) > Flashcards

23. Arthropods (Intro) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main groups of arthropods?

A
  • crustaceans
  • arachnids
  • insects
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2
Q

what is included in the crustaceans?

A
  • crabs
  • lobsters
  • crayfish
  • shrimp
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3
Q

what is included in the arachnids?

A
  • spiders
  • scorpions
  • ticks
  • mites
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4
Q

what is included in the insects?

A
  • beetles
  • bugs
  • earwigs
  • ants
  • bees
  • termites
  • etc
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5
Q

parasitic arthropods are ____-parasites

A

ectoparasites

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6
Q

do parasitic arthropods have a coelom?

A

yes

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7
Q

do parasitic arthropods have jointed limbs?

A

yes - this is where they get their name

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8
Q

are parasitic arthropods segmented?

A

yes

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9
Q

what is concentrated in the head region?

A
  • their neutral elements
  • sensory receptors
  • feeding structures
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10
Q

what is the rigid cuticular exoskeleton made of?

A
  • tanned proteins

- chitin

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11
Q

what does the exoskeleton provide?

A

physical and physiological protection and serves as a place for muscle attachment

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12
Q

are the arthropods that cause harm, due to their venom, considered parasites?

A

NO

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13
Q

what are the two body parts of arachnids?

A
  • the cephalothorax

- the abdomen

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14
Q

how are legs arranged on arachnids?

A

there are 8 legs on the cephalothorax arranged in 4 bilateral pairs

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15
Q

do arachnids have wings or antennae?

A

no

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16
Q

what are the 3 distinct body parts in insects?

A
  • the head
  • the thorax
  • the abdomen
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17
Q

what does the head of the insect have?

A

2 antennae

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18
Q

what does the thorax of the insect have?

A

6 legs arranged in bilateral pairs

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19
Q

Parasitic insect species include fleas, flies and lice which actively feed on ___________ and fluids at some stage in their life‐cycles.

A

host tissues

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20
Q

how many species of insects are there?

A

1 million

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21
Q

how many species of arachnids are there?

A

50 000

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22
Q

why are insects and arachnids very adaptable organisms?

A

they have rapid and fertile reproduction rates

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23
Q

how do they overcome the problem of growing in a non-expandable exoskeleton?

A

by molting

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24
Q

what are the stages of development between molts referred to as?

A

instars

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25
Q

Molting is a complex process and its timing is mediated by _______________________________.

A

many environmental and physiological cues

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26
Q

what is the reproductive strategy of arthropods?

A

diecious

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27
Q

is fertilization internal or external for arthropods?

A

internal

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28
Q

a wide range of mating behaviours, ________ and __________ are involved

A

insemination

egg production

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29
Q

what does the egg develop into (in most species)

A

a larva

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30
Q

what is a larva?

A

a life cycle stage that is structurally distinct from the adult and must undergo metamorphosis (structural reoganization) before it becomes an adult

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31
Q

what does it mean for the metamorphosis to be complete?

A

involving major changes during a pupation stage

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32
Q

what does it mean for the metamorphosis to be incomplete?

A

involving gradual changes in nymph stages

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33
Q

what is the life cycle sequence for complete metamorphosis?

A

egg (hatch)
larva (molt)
pupa (hatch)
adult

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34
Q

what is an example of complete metamorphosis?

A

the grub‐like larval stages of flies and fleas form cocoon‐like pupae where they undergo complete metamorphosis and emerge as radically‐different adult insects

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35
Q

what is the life cycle sequence for incomplete metamorphosis?

A

egg (hatch)
larva (molt)
nymph (molt)
adult

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36
Q

what is an example of incomplete metamorphosis?

A

the larval instars (or nymphs) of lice, ticks and mites undergo incomplete metamorphosis through a series of molts gradually becoming more adult‐like in appearance

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37
Q

what other organisms can arthropods be involved with in parasitic relationships, either as a host or the parasite?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • protozoa
  • helminths
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38
Q

T/F
•
arthropods are usually ectoparasitic on, or in, the skin of vertebrate hosts

A

T

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39
Q

define haematophagous

A

sucking blood

40
Q

define histophagous

A

tissue-feeders, and bite or burrow in dermal tissues causing trauma, inflammation and hypersensitivity reactions

41
Q

how are the two ways that infestations (of arthropods in general) can be transmitted from host-to-host?

A

either by direct contact, or by free-living larvae or adults actively seeking hosts

42
Q

when does direct transmission of the infective stages occur?

A

when hosts come into close contact with each other or share quarters, bedding or clothing

43
Q

________________, nymphs or adults may cross from one host to another, while ______________ may contaminate shared environments

A

larvae, nymps or adults

eggs or pupae

44
Q

what do insects (lice) and arachnids (mites) rely on?

A

close contact between hosts

45
Q

how do winged insects (like mosquitoes and flies) find new hosts to feed off of?

A

by flying to the new host

46
Q

how do non-flying insects, like fleas, find new hosts to feed off of?

A

by jumping on passing hosts

47
Q

what is the mechanism of the botflies?

A

they do not feed on their host, but instead just deposit eggs which will allow larvae to emerge and feed on host tissues and exudates

48
Q

how do tick larvae seek hosts?

A

by actively climbing vegetation and questing for passing hosts

49
Q

what does “one-host ticks” mean?

A

when a species completes thei life cycle on the same host

50
Q

what does two-host or three-host ticks mean?

A

when ticks detach and drop to the ground and molt before seeking new hosts as nymphs or adults

51
Q

what are the three main groups of parasitic insect species?

A
  • the jumping fleas (Siphonaptera)
  • the winged flies (Diptera)
  • the wingless lice (Phthiraptera)
52
Q

what are the two main groups of parasitic non-spider arachnids?

A
  • the macroscopic ticks

- the microscopic mites

53
Q

what are ticks?

A

epidermal parasites of terrestrial vertebrates and may transmit other infections

54
Q

what are other infections that can be passed by ticks?

A
  • viral
  • bacterual
  • rickettsial
  • spirochaete
  • protozoal
  • helminth
55
Q

what do ticks mainly feed on?

A

blood

56
Q

what are tick’s mouthparts armed with?

A

small, backward-facing teeth to aid in attachment

57
Q

what kind of metamorphosis do ticks undergo?

A

gradual or incomplete metamorphosis whereby larval and nymphal stages resemble adults

58
Q

what are the two major families of ticks that are recognized on the basis of morphological features?

A
  • the Ixodidae

- the Argasidae

59
Q

what can be found in the Ixodidae?

A
  • hard ticks with a tough cuticle with some 650 species that infest mammals, birds and reptiles
60
Q

what can be found in the Argasidae?

A

soft ticks with a leathery integument with 160 species that infest mainly birds and some mammals

61
Q

what are mites?

A

microscopic arachnids that undergo gradual or incomplete metamorphosis

62
Q

how many legs do adults or nymphs have in mites?

A

4 pairs of legs

63
Q

how many legs do larvae have in mites?

A

3 pairs of legs

64
Q

how many species of mites have been described?

A

30k

65
Q

what do most parasitic species of mites feed on?

A

skin or debris or suck lymph, and some burrow into the skin, some live in hair follicles, and some live in ear canals

66
Q

do lice have wings?

A

no

67
Q

T/F
•
lice are dorsoventrally flattened

A

T

68
Q

do lice have eyes?

A

they are reduced or absent

69
Q

what do lice use to cling?

A

enlarged tarsal claws

70
Q

what kind of metamorphosis do all lice undergo?

A

gradual metamorphosis

71
Q

are there any free living stages in lice?

A

no

72
Q

what is different about the ways in which eggs vs. nymphs or adults stick to feathers and hair?

A

eggs are cemented

nymphs and adults can cling to them

73
Q

what are the two orders of lice?

A
  • the Mallophaga

- the Anoplura

74
Q

what are the two orders of lice classified based on?

A

on their mouthparts

75
Q

what is found in the Mallophaga?

A
  • chewing/biting lice with some 3000 species infesting birds and mammals
76
Q

what is found in the Anoplura

A
  • sucking lice with 500 soecies found on mammals
77
Q

in which way are fleas flattened?

A

bilaterally-flattened

78
Q

do fleas have wings?

A

no

79
Q

who has special hind legs and what is special about them?

A

fleas - they are enlarged hind limbs, specially adapted for jumping

80
Q

do fleas undergo complete metamorphosis? what happens?

A

yes, grub-like larvae form pupae from which adult fleas emerge

81
Q

are the larvae of fleas parasitic?

A

no, they feed on debris associated mainly with bedding, den or nest material

82
Q

which flea stage is parasitic and what does it feed off of?

A

the adult stages are parasitic and feed off of host blood

83
Q

how many flea species are there?

A

2,500

84
Q

who are most flea speacies parasitic to?

A

mammals (especially rodents)

some birds

85
Q

are flies and mosquitoes winged-insects?

A

yes

86
Q

how many pairs of wings do flies and mosquitoes have?

A

two pairs

87
Q

what are flies and mosquitoes wings attached to?

A

the thorax

88
Q

are the sensory organs of flies and mosquitoes well-developed?

A

yes

89
Q

do flies and mosquitoes have feeding organs?

A

yes

90
Q

what kind of metamorphosis do flies and mosquitos undergo?

A

complete metamorphosis

91
Q

how many species of flies and mosquitos are there?

A

120,000, belonging to 140 families

92
Q

what are the two main suborders of flies and mosquitoes?

A
  • Nematocera

- Brachycera

93
Q

what are the suborders of flies and mosquitoes recognized based on?

A

structural differences

94
Q

what is found in the Nematocera

A
  • adult stages are parasitic

- larval stages often free-swimming

95
Q

what is found in the Brachycera?

A
  • adult stages parasitic or free-living

- larvae stages often predaceous

BSC Zoology - Parasitology (27 decks)

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