1.1.3 - factors affecting obedience and dissent

Question 1

what is a situational factor?

Answer 1

variables in the environment that impact levels of obedience

Question 2

what are the situational factors that could affect obedience?

Answer 2

momentum of compliance, proximity, status/legitimacy, presence of others

Question 3

what does momentum of compliance mean?

Answer 3

people are more likely to show obedience if the requests are initially easy and become progressively more demanding

Question 4

what research supports the idea of momentum of compliance?

Answer 4

Milgram and Burger both started with low voltages and went up in 15V increments so they became more extreme

Question 5

what does proximity mean?

Answer 5

people are more likely to show obedience if the authoritative figure is close to them

Question 6

what research supports the idea of proximity?

Answer 6

in Milgram’s variation 7, instructions were given by telephone and only 22.5% were fully obedient

Question 7

what does status/legitimacy mean?

Answer 7

people are more likely to show obedience if the authoritative figure is in a position of status, or the setting seems legitimate

Question 8

what research supports the idea of status/legitimacy?

Answer 8

in Milgram’s variation 13 where an ordinary man gave instructions, only 20% were fully obedient
in Milgram’s variation 10 which took place in a rundown office block, only 47.5% were fully obedient

Question 9

what does presence of others mean?

Answer 9

people are more likely to show obedience if there are other people watching or who have shown obedience before them

Question 10

what research supports the idea of presence of others?

Answer 10

in Milgram’s rebel peers variation where two other teachers refused to continue, only 10% were fully obedient
Burger’s modelled refusal condition - 63.3% obedience level

Question 11

what is an individualistic culture?

Answer 11

a culture that values independence (typical of cultures in North America/Western Europe)

Question 12

what is a collectivist culture?

Answer 12

a culture that values community and emphasises the needs of groups over the needs of the individual

Question 13

how can culture provide an explanation for obedience?

Answer 13

people from collectivist cultures may be more likely to show obedience and respect those of a higher status while those from individualistic cultures may be more likely to defy authority figures

Question 14

what is an example of supporting evidence for the idea that culture affects obedience?

Answer 14

a Jordanian study conducted in 1977 by Shanab and Yahya with child participants (6-16) found 73% gave maximum shocks to children of the same gender (which is higher than Milgram’s 65% in his baseline study because Jordan is a collectivist culture)

Question 15

what could be a counter-argument for the idea that culture affects obedience?

Answer 15

criticise the methodology - in Shanab and Yahya’s 1977 study, they used a younger child sample than Milgram, so they may have obeyed the orders more due to other factors such as the authority figure having increased status as an adult
this nullifies the differences and suggests culture doesn’t play a significant role in obedience

Question 16

what is an example of contradictory evidence for the idea that culture affects obedience?

Answer 16

Shanab and Yahya carried out another experiment in Jordan in 1978 and used students as the participants - obedience levels were 62% which is very similar to Milgram’s results, even though the cultures are different
Blass (2012) compared average obedience rates in studies conducted outside North America and found them significantly not different outside the US (66%) and in the US (61%)

Question 17

which individual differences could affect obedience?

Answer 17

personality and gender

Question 18

what is an example of contradictory evidence for the idea that gender affects obedience?

Answer 18

in Burger’s baseline condition, 12 male and 16 female participants went to continue after 150V - this difference isn’t statistically significant
when Milgram repeated his baseline study with females, 65% went to 450V which is the same as with males
Blass (2000) reviewed 9 replications of Milgram’s research - in 8 of 9 of these he found no evidence of gender differences

Question 19

what is an example of supporting evidence for the idea that gender affects obedience - women more obedient than men?

Answer 19

Sheridan and King (1972) ordered participants to give real electric shocks to a live puppy - 100% of females were fully obedient but only 54% of males (however the women showed distress by crying)

Question 20

what is an example of supporting evidence for the idea that gender affects obedience - men more obedient than women?

Answer 20

Kilham and Mann (1974) replicated Milgram’s study in Australia - 40% of males were fully obedient but only 16% of females

Question 21

why might obedience levels differ between genders?

Answer 21

Gilligan (1982) - moral decision-making guided by differing principles between genders:
men often follow the ‘ethic of justice’ principle - focus on equality, fairness and having a detached outlook to avoid bias
women often follow the ‘ethic of care’ principle - focus on interpersonal relationships and caring for those in need

Question 22

how can Gilligan’s explanation of gender differences in moral decision-making explain destructive obedience?

Answer 22

• men may be more likely to obey as they feel obligated to the authority figure eg. Milgram - scientific goals of research for ‘greater good’
• women may be less likely to obey as they have a desire to help the person at risk of harm eg. Milgram - concern for learner

Question 23

what is personality?

Answer 23

a set of traits relating to an individual’s character that remain relatively stable over time

Question 24

what did Adorno suggest in his theory of authoritarian personality?

Answer 24

people with this type of personality grew up with strict parents whose rules they had to obey - therefore, they obey figures of authority but are dismissive to individuals below them

Question 25

what are characteristics of an authoritarian personality?

Answer 25

1. obedient to authority figures 2. hostile to those below them 3. view things rigidly (black and white thinking) 4. unusually intolerant to people that are weak/different

Question 26

what are dispositional factors?

Answer 26

variables within yourself that impact whether you obey eg. personal traits

Question 27

what should dispositional factors be used for?

Answer 27

to explain the behaviour of one or two individuals eg. why they don't obey - can't use to explain group behaviour because they look at reasons within individuals that make them different

Question 28

how does authoritarian parenting impact the child?

Answer 28

the child has a harsh upbringing with little love and lots of punishment - this leads to both fear and hatred of their parents - this is translated to excessive respect of authority figures and their hatred and anger is displaced onto others

Question 29

what is supporting evidence for Adorno's theory of authoritarian personality?

Answer 29

Elms and Milgram (1966) got 40 participants from Milgram's baseline study - 20 who went to 450V and 20 who refused to continue before this - and made them complete Adorno's F scale, and asked them open-ended questions about their relationship with their parents The obedient participants scored higher on the F scale and were less close to their father during childhood, increasing the credibility of Adorno's theory that there is correlation between personality and obedience

Question 30

what does locus of control describe?

Answer 30

the perception you have over the control of your behaviour, measured on a scale from high internal to high external

Question 31

what does internal locus of control mean?

Answer 31

people perceive that they have control over the things that happen to them and their behaviour, so are more likely to take personal responsibility for their actions

Question 32

what does external locus of control mean?

Answer 32

people believe they are influenced by external influences which they can't control, such as luck

Question 33

how does locus of control impact obedience?

Answer 33

people with an external locus of control are more likely to be obedient - believe command is beyond their control and any consequences aren't due to their actions people with an internal locus of control are less likely to be obedient - believe they have the option to choose whether or not they obey

Question 34

situational factors affecting disobedience - salience of victim's suffering?

Answer 34

in Milgram's variations, obedience fell when participants could see (40%) or touch (30%) victim participants felt greater personal responsibility for their actions so shifted from agency to autonomous state victim's visible suffering provoked empathy in participant

Question 35

situational factors affecting disobedience - exposure to disobedient models?

Answer 35

in Milgram's rebel peers variation where two confederates refused to continue before participant, obedience fell to 10% pressure participants felt to conform to group norm of disobedience was greater than pressure felt to obey experimenter confederates' behaviour reminded them of possibility of defying experimenter withdrawal of confederates sharpened participant's sense of personal responsibility

Question 36

situational factors affecting disobedience - factors that alter participant's sense of personal responsibility?

Answer 36

in Milgram's original study, participant declared 'I'm not gonna kill that man' but then continued when he established experimenter would take responsibility destructive obedience reduced when people feel personally responsible for their actions

Question 37

dispositional factors affecting disobedience - ability to empathise with suffering of others?

Answer 37

Oliner conducted study of rescuers who sheltered escaped Jews in Nazi Europe, defying regime - compared to 126 non-rescuers, the 406 rescuers reported upbringing which emphasised social norm of helping others people in Milgram's study disobeyed for empathetic reasons due to their own experiences or when suffering became more salient

Question 38

dispositional factors affecting disobedience - early protest?

Answer 38

Rochat and Modigliani (1995) analysed events in French village Le Chambon during Nazi occupation - citizens collectively defied Nazi attempts to have them persecute war refugees and saved lives of thousands analysis suggested that key to this sustained and collective defiance was that it stated early before pattern of obedience emerged

Question 39

supporting evidence for dissent - Gamson et al. (1982)?

Answer 39

a group of volunteers were filmed while discussing whether an oil company should take legal action against a petrol station manager for his offensive lifestyle, but a confederate steered the conversation in favour of sacking the manager - at the end participants were asked to sign a consent form to use the tape in court 16/33 groups collectively refused to sign form, in 25/33 the majority refused and 9/33 threatened legal action (shows people especially groups, will rebel against just authority)

Question 40

what factors did Smith and Mackie suggest may have led to dissent in Gamson et al.?

Answer 40

1. shared group identity and agreement of the group 2. reactance (rebelling against attempts to control their behaviour) 3. systematic processing - rebellion more likely when people have time to think carefully and consider their actions