General Review Flashcards
The 1% Flood event occurs:
Can occur every year
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
Regulatory Takings
Penn. Coal Co. had a contract with Mahon to mine coal on his land, under an existing free-standing structure in 1878. However in 1921, the State established the Kohler Act which prohibited such acts - inviting the question if the Kohler Act was in violation of Takings Clause in the Fifth Amendment.
The Courts ruled in favor of Penn. Coal Co. and determined that the Kohler Act did violate the Fifth Amendment as the state exceeded their police powers by diminishing land value without strong public interest reason.
Regulatory Takings
When governmental regulations limit the use of private property to such a degree that the landowner is effectively deprived of all economically reasonable use or value of their property.
Eminent Domain
The right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation.
New Source Review (NSR)
A Clean Air Act program that requires industrial facilities to install modern pollution control equipment when they are built or when making a change that increases emissions significantly.
Which Constitutional amendment protects due process and equal protection?
Fourteenth Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment
Equal Protection Clause - “no state shall deny…citizen[s]…the equal protection of the laws”.
Only applies to state governments. But does apply to federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
What is the type of zoning that emphasizes the design of buildings?
Form-Based
Euclidean Zoning
The separation of land uses by type into their own zones or areas, designated by the municipality.
New Urbanism
A planning and development approach based on the principles of historic urban development, that elevate walkable blocks and streets; housing and shopping in close proximity; and accessible public spaces.
Human-scaled Urban Design.
An 1980s urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types – in response to urban sprawl and WW2 development patterns.
Congress for New Urbanism - Andres Duany
Smart Growth
An overall approach to development that encourages a mix of building types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, development within existing neighborhoods, and robust community engagement.
10 Principles: (1) Mix land uses; (2) Take advantage of compact design; (3) Create a range of housing opportunities and choices; (4) Create walkable neighborhoods; (5) Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place; (6) Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas; (7) Direct development towards existing communities; (8) Provide a variety of transportation choices; (9) Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost effective; (10) Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions.
Dillion’s Rule
Incorporates only the rights expressly given by the state.
The principal that local government only exercises (1) powers expressly granted by the state, (2) powers necessarily and fairly implied from the grant of power, and (3) powers crucial to the existence of local government.
c. 1868 - Essentially affirms the previously held, narrow interpretation of a local government’s authority.
At what intervals should Minor Arterials be located?
One mile.
Radburn, New Jersey was inspired by which modern planning principle?
Garden City.
c. 1929 - “a town for the motor age”; aimed to incorporate principles from the Garden City movement. A division of traffic by modes where pedestrians would not have to cross major roads at grade. Introduced residential “superblocks” and cul-de-sacs.
Garden City Movement
c. 1898 - Ebenezer Howard - United Kingdom
Method of urban planning where self-contained communities are surrounded by “greenbelts”, containing proportionate residences, industry, and agriculture.
Superblock
A type of city block that is much larger than a traditional city block.
Broadacre City
c. 1932 - Frank Lloyd Wrigth
“The City should be everywhere and nowhere”.
A type of city that would flow across the landscape changing with the terrain and needs of the individual citizen.
Edge Cities
Concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside the traditional downtown or central business district.
Joel Garreau indicates that characteristics of Edge Cities include: (1) 5M SF or more of leasable office space; (2) 600,000 SF or more of leasable retail space; (3) Did not exist as recently as 30 years before.
Easement
A right to cross or otherwise use someone else’s land for a specified purpose.
An easement is the grant of a nonpossessory property interest that grants the easement holder permission to use another person’s land.
Deed Restriction
A limitation on how you can use your property.
Sharrow
Pavement markings that improve cycling safety on streets that are too narrow for traditional bike lanes.
Right-of-Way (ROW)
The right to pass over or through real property owned by someone else, usually based on easement.
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
Measures the amount of travel for all vehicles in a geographic region over a given period of time, typically a one-year period. It is calculated as the sum of the number of miles traveled by each vehicle.
