T10

Question 1

Pathogen of Cholera

Answer 1

Vibrio Cholerae

Question 2

Type of pathogen in Cholera

Answer 2

Bacterium

Question 3

Methods of transmission in cholera

Answer 3

Food-borne / Water-borne

Question 4

Site of pathogen action in cholera

Answer 4

Walls of small intestine

Question 5

Prevention for cholera

Answer 5

1. Provide drainage and clean water supply
2. Fully cooked meals
3. Washing with clean water

Question 6

Pathogen of Malaria

Answer 6

Plasmodium Falciparum / P. Vivax / P. Ovale / P. Malaria

Question 7

Type of pathogen in Malaria

Answer 7

Protoctist

Question 8

Methods of transmission in Malaria

Answer 8

Insect vector Anopheles female mosquito;
female because blood contains proteins to fertilise eggs;
also blood transfusion with unsterile needles

Question 9

Site of pathogen action in Malaria

Answer 9

Liver, RBC, Brain

Question 10

Prevention for Malaria

Answer 10

1. Vaccine
2. Reduce no. of mosquito
3. Avoid being bitten

Control measures:

1. Stocking ponds; irrigation; drainage ditches with fish that feed on mosquitoes
2. Spraying a preparation containing bacteria (Bacillus Thuringienis) that kills mosquito larvae but not other forms of life

Problems:

1. Plasmodium resistant to drugs
2. Mosquitoes resistant to insecticides
3. Expensive
4. Migration of people

Question 11

What is AIDS?

Answer 11

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Question 12

Pathogen for AIDS

Answer 12

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Question 13

Type of pathogen for AIDS

Answer 13

Virus

Question 14

Methods of transmission for AIDS

Answer 14

1. Semen
2. Vaginal fluids
3. Sexual intercourse
4. Infected blood or blood products
5. Contaminated syringes
6. Mother to foetus through placenta
7. Mother to infant through breast milk

Question 15

Site of pathogen action in AIDS

Answer 15

1. T-helper lymphocytes
2. Macrophages
3. Brain cells

Question 16

Prevention for AIDS

Answer 16

1. Contact tracing

2. Condoms (birth control)

Question 17

Pathogen for Tuberculosis

Answer 17

Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ M. Bovis

Question 18

Type of pathogen for Tuberculosis

Answer 18

Bacteria

Question 19

Methods of transmission for Tuberculosis

Answer 19

Airborne droplets (M. tuberculosis)
or
Uncooked / Unpasteurised milk (M. Bovis)

Question 20

Site of pathogen action for Tuberculosis

Answer 20

Lungs (primary infection)

Lymph nodes, bones, gut (secondary infection)

Question 21

Prevention

Answer 21

1. Contact tracing

2. Vaccine

Question 22

Type of pathogen for Measles

Answer 22

Morbillivirus

Question 23

Type of pathogen for measles

Answer 23

Virus

Question 24

Methods of transmission for measles

Answer 24

Airborne droplets; inhaled by healthy people

Question 25

Site of pathogen action for measles

Answer 25

Upper respiratory tract

Question 26

Prevention for measles

Answer 26

Vaccination

Question 27

Antibiotics

Answer 27

Drug that kills/stops the growth of bacteria without harming cells of infected organism

Question 28

How does antibiotics work?

Answer 28

Interfere with growth or metabolism of target bacterium such as:

1. Synthesis of bacterial cell walls
2. Activity of proteins in the cell surface membrane
3. Enzyme action
4. DNA Synthesis
5. Protein synthesis

Question 29

How does penicillin work?

Answer 29

1. Prevents synthesis of cross-links between peptidoglycan polymers in cell walls of bacteria by inhibiting enzymes that build the cross-links
2. Only active against bacteria that are growing

Question 30

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 30

1. Vertical transmission

2. Horizontal transmission

Question 31

Vertical transmission

Answer 31

1. Bacterial chromosome and plasmid replicate in resistant parent cell
2. Cell division occurs
3. Daughter cells each receive a copy of the plasmid and are resistant

Question 32

Horizontal transmission

Answer 32

1. Single DNA strand of plasmid from resistant cell transferred to non-resistant cell by conjugation
2. Conjugation: tube forms between two bacteria to allow DNA movement