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1. Cell Biology > Cell Organelles 1 > Flashcards

Cell Organelles 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the five organelles that will be studied in great detail.

A

Cytosol

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

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2
Q

How are many of the cell organelles held in their correct locations in the cell?

A

Many of the organelles are held in their relative locations in the cell by attachment to the cytoskeleton, especially to microtubules

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3
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

2

A

A network of protein filaments and tubules that stretches through the cell

It allows for the movement of organelles around the cell

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4
Q

What do the cytoskeletal filaments do?

A

They provide tracks for moving the organelles around and for directing traffic of vesicles between them

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5
Q

What drives the movements of organelles through cytoskeletal filaments?

A

These movements are driven by motor proteins that use energy of ATP hydrolysis to propel the organelles and vesicles along the filaments

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6
Q

List the organelles of a typical animal cell.

9

A 
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Lysosome
Peroxisome
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7
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

The concentrated aqueous gel (cytoplasm - the organelles)

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8
Q

Write a note on the cytosol.

2

A

Its the site of many chemical reactions e.g. protein manufacture (ribosomes), breakdown of nutrient molecules

Its a water based gel containing small and large molecules

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9
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

2

A

Cytosol + membrane bounded organelles except for the nucleus

i.e. contents of cell within plasma membrane but outside the nucleus

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10
Q

Write a note on the cytoplasm.

2

A

It’s in constant motion

The cytoskeleton moves organelles around the cell through the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What three things make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin filaments

Microtubules

Intermediate filaments

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12
Q

Write a note on the nucleus.

3

A

The most prominent cell organelle

5 um in diameter

Contains the genetic material which is made up of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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13
Q

Other than the nucleus, where is DNA found?

A

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

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14
Q

List the four parts of the nucleus.

A

Nucleolus

Nuclear membrane

Chromatin

Nucleopore

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

5

A

Lipid bilayer encloses the nucleus to form the nuclear envelope

Envelope has perforations - nuclear pores

Pore complex (protein structure) lines pores and regulates entry and exit of particles

Nuclear lamina lines the nuclear side of the envelope

Nucleolus is found in non-dividing nucleus

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16
Q

What type of membrane does the nucleus have?

A

A double membrane made of a lipid bilayer

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17
Q

What are the perforations in the nuclear envelope called?

A

Nuclear pores

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18
Q

What lines the nuclear pores?

A

The pore complex

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19
Q

What is the pore complex?

A

A protein structure

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20
Q

What does the pore complex do?

A

It regulates the entry and exit of particles from the nucleus

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21
Q

What lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope?

A

The nuclear lamina

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22
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

An array of protein filaments with anchor-sites for chromatin

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23
Q

What can only be found in non-dividing nucleus?

A

Nucleolus

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24
Q

Name the two parts of the nuclear membrane.

A

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

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25
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

It encloses the nucleus to separate contents from cytoplasm

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26
Q

List the order of layers of the nucleus.

6

A 
Outer membrane
Perinuclear space
Inner membrane
Nuclear lamina
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
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27
Q

What exactly are nuclear pores?

A

Protein-lined channels in the nuclear envelope

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28
Q

How do nuclear pores appear?

A

They look like perforations on the surface of the nucleus

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29
Q

What is the nucleolus made up of?

A

Protein

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA)

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30
Q

Write a note on the nucleolus.

2

A

No membrane

It’s the site of RNA transcription, RNA processing, ribosome assembly

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31
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

RNA transcription

RNA processing

ribosome assembly

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32
Q

How many nucleoli are found in a nucleus?

A

Most have only one but some organisms can have more than one

33
Q

Give an example of an organism with more than one nucleolus.

A

Paramecium

34
Q

How many nuclei are found in cells?

A

Most cells only have one nucleus but some can have more than one

35
Q

Give an example of a cell which has more than one nucleus.

A

Skeletal muscle cells can have 2 or more nuclei

36
Q

What is chromatin made up of?

2

A

Genomic DNA

Proteins

37
Q

Where is chromatin found in eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus of eukaryotic cells

38
Q

Where is chromatin found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Nucleoid of prokaryotic cells

39
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

The space within a prokaryotic cell where it’s genetic information, called the genophore is found

40
Q

What is the function of chromatin?

A

To package DNA into a small volume so that it can fit into the cell

41
Q

How does chromatin tightly pack DNA?

A

DNA is tightly packed around histones (proteins) in a structure called a ‘nucleosome’

42
Q

What does further packing of nucleosomes form?

A

Solenoid

43
Q

What does further packing of solenoids form?

A

Solenoid loops

44
Q

What does further packing of solenoid loops form?

A

This forms the arms of the chromosome and eventually the whole chromosome

45
Q

What are the two different types of chromatin?

A

Heterochromatin

Euchromatin

46
Q

What is heterochromatin?

2

A

The condensed (dense patches) form of chromatin organised

The inactive form of chromatin

47
Q

What is euchromatin?

3

A

The lighter region of the nucleus

Most abundant in active cells

Active form of chromatin

48
Q

Write a note on the nucleoplasm.

6

A

Similar to cytoplasm - highly viscous liquid

Also called nuclear sap

Surrounds the chromatin and nucleolus

Contains a network of fibres made up of proteins

Contains nucleotides

Contains proteins/enzymes

49
Q

What does the nucleoplasm surround?

2

A

Chromatin

Nucleolus

50
Q

What does the nucleoplasm contain?

3

A

A network of fibres made up of proteins

Nucleotides

Proteins/enzymes

51
Q

What do the nucleotides in the nucleoplasm do?

A

Their used in DNA replication and transcription

52
Q

What do the proteins/enzymes in the nucleoplasm do?

A

Their used in all nuclear function

53
Q

What are the three functions of the nucleus?

A

Replication

Transcription

Translation

54
Q

What happens during replication?

A

The nucleus mediates copying of DNA in the cell cycle which is essential for the development and growth of a cell

55
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

The nucleus controls the production of messenger RNA which is produced in the nucleus using DNA as a template

56
Q

What happens during translation?

A

mRNA is transported via the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm for the synthesis of specific proteins which in turn have specific cellular functions

57
Q

Why are ribosomes technically not organelles?

A

They are not bound by a membrane

58
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

60% rRNA

40% protein

59
Q

What are the two different types of ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes

Bound ribosomes

60
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Make protein

61
Q

Describe the structure of a ribsome.

A

Large and small subunits (Svedberg units)

62
Q

What makes up the large and small subunits of a ribosome?

A

Proteins and four strands of rRNA

63
Q

What are the ribosomal subunits also called?

A

Svedberg units

64
Q

What are the two different types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?

2

A

Smooth ER is agranular and has no ribosomes attached

Rough ER is granular and has ribosomes attaches

66
Q

What are the three main functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesis, activation and transport of macromolecules in the cell

67
Q

What does smooth ER do?

5

A

Lacks ribosomes - but contains enzymes used in: synthesis of lipids and steroids

Detoxification of drugs and poisons

Metabolism of carbohydrates

Stores CA2+

Enzyme reactions

68
Q

List functions of smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids and steroids

Detoxification of drugs and poisons

Metabolism of carbohydrates

Stores CA2+

Enzyme reactions

69
Q

What does rough ER do?

3

A

Has ribosomes on outer surface

Proteins are produced on these ribosomes

Protein and lipid transport and secretion

70
Q

Describe the structure of the ER.

4

A

It is a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae

An extension of the nuclear membrane

Has spaces called a lumen/cisternal space

Rough ER has ribosomes

71
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

It is the distribution and shipping centre for the cell’s chemical processes

72
Q

What is the golgi apparatus made of?

A

Made of separate flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

73
Q

What allows the GA to transport things between itself and other structures?

A

Vesicles in the vicinity of GA allow this

74
Q

What are the names of the two faces of the golgi?

A

Cis face

Trans face

75
Q

What is the cis face of the golgi?

A

This is the face near the ER or the ‘receiving end

76
Q

What is the trans face of the golgi?

A

This is the face away from the ER or the ‘shipping area

77
Q

What are the three functions of the GA?

A

Modification of products with golgi enzymes

Storage of products

Sorting and transport of products for various parts of the cell

78
Q

Explain how the vesicles aid the GA.

4

A

Some vesicles pinch off from the Golgi apparatus

These vesicles move to the cell membrane

The materials in the vesicle are then released to the outside of the cell

Some of these pinched off vesicles also become lysosomes

1. Cell Biology (6 decks)

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