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DG1006 - HHD1&ANATOMY > Saliva & Oral Health > Flashcards

Saliva & Oral Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the glands that are collectively known as the salivary glands?

A
  • submandibular glands
  • sublingual glands
  • parotid glands
  • minor salivary glands
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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of saliva in regards to food?

A
  1. bolus formation
  2. taste
  3. digestion
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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of saliva in regards to teeth?

A
  1. buffer
  2. protection against demineralisation
  3. remineralisation
  4. lubrication
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4
Q

What are the 3 functions of saliva in regards to micro-organisms?

A
  1. anti-bacterial
  2. anti-fungal
  3. anti-viral
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5
Q

What are the 3 components of saliva that act as a buffer?

A
  • bicarbonate
  • phosphate
  • proteins
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6
Q

What are the 3 components of saliva that protect against demineralisation?

A
  • mucins
  • Ca2+
  • phosphate
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7
Q

What are the 4 components of saliva that aid in remineralisation?

A
  • PRPs
  • statherin
  • Ca2+ (calcium)
  • phosphate
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8
Q

What are the 2 components of saliva that aid in lubrication?

A
  • mucins

- PRG

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9
Q

What are the 4 components of saliva that have anti-viral benefits?

A
  • cystatins
  • mucins
  • immunoglobins
  • SLP1
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10
Q

What are the 3 components of saliva that have anti-fungal benefits?

A
  • histatins
  • chromogranin A
  • immunoglobins
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11
Q

What are 10 components of saliva that have anti-bacterial benefits?

A
  • lysozyme
  • cystatins
  • histatins
  • lactoferrin
  • immunoglobins
  • VEGh
  • SLP1
  • calprotectin
  • lactoperoxidase
  • chromogranin A
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12
Q

What are 5 components of saliva that aid in digestion?

A
  • amylase
  • protease
  • lipase
  • DNAse
  • RNAse
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13
Q

What are 3 components of saliva that aid in taste?

A
  • gustin (carbonic anhydrase)
  • Zn2+ (zinc)
  • water
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14
Q

What are 2 components of saliva that aid in bolus formation?

A
  • mucins

- water

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15
Q

What is the unstimulated saliva flow rate for a healthy person per min?

A

0.3-0.4 ml per min

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16
Q

What is the unstimulated saliva flow rate which is classed as hypofunction?

A

less than 0.1 ml per min

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17
Q

What is the approximate total daily volume of saliva secreted?

A

0.6 litres

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18
Q

What is the definition of xerostomia?

A

subjective sensation of dryness which can be but is not directly related to decreased saliva flow rate

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19
Q

What are the glycoproteins in mucins?

A

MUC5B
and
MUC7
(heavily glycosylated glycoproteins)

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20
Q

Which salivary glands is mucins secreted?

A
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
  • minor mucous glands
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21
Q

Which salivary gland is proline-rich glycoproteins (PRGs) secreted?

A

parotid glands

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22
Q

What are the two lines of defence of the reflex stimulation of salivary flow?

A

first line of defence - saliva & taste receptors on tongue

second line of defence - taste receptors on airways and digestive tract

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23
Q

What is the function of the first line of defence of the reflex stimulation of salivary flow?

A

dilutes any material taken into the mouth, this is actively spat out before reaching the rest of the digestive tract

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24
Q

What is the function of the second line of defence of the reflex stimulation of salivary flow?

A

expelling noxious substances from the body by way of initiating coughing or vomiting

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25
Q

Which component of saliva can add to being able to taste sour?

A

hydrochloric acid

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26
Q

Which component of saliva can add to being able to taste salt?

A

sodium chloride

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27
Q

Which component of saliva can add to being able to taste bitter?

A

urea

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28
Q

Which component of saliva can add to being able to taste sweet?

A

glucose

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29
Q

Which component of saliva can add to being able to taste umami (savoury)?

A

glutamate

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30
Q

What level of hydrochloric acid is present in blood plasma?

A

4 x 10 (-5) mmol/L

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31
Q

What level of sodium chloride is present in blood plasma?

A

145 (Na+) mmol/L

101 (Cl+) mmol/L

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32
Q

What level of urea is present in blood plasma?

A

6 mmol/L

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33
Q

What level of glucose is present in blood plasma?

A

4.5 mmol/L

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34
Q

What level of glutamate is present in blood plasma?

A

18 umol/L only, whereas taste detection threshold is 625 umol/L

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35
Q

What level of hydrochloric acid is present in saliva?

A

1 x 10 (-4) mmol/L

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36
Q

What level of sodium chloride is present in saliva?

A

6 (Na+) mmol/L

16 (Cl-) mmol/L

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37
Q

What level of urea is present in saliva?

A

4 mmol/L

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38
Q

What level of glucose is present in saliva?

A

0.08 mmol/L

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39
Q

If saliva flow is stimulated and therefore increases, there will be less time for reabsorption to occur and as a result what happens?

A
  • NaCl increases
  • HCO3- increases
  • K+ decreases slightly
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40
Q

Lingual lipase is released from which glands in the tongue?

A

von Ebner

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41
Q

What component of saliva is the following?

  • secreted from parotid saliva
  • acts on oesophagus EGF receptors to promote mucosal cell proliferation
A

epidermal growth factor (EGF)

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42
Q

Acquired enamel pellicle has components from saliva that make up the protein such as?

A

histatin 3
and
statherin

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43
Q

Which component of saliva is a growth inhibitor of Porphyromonas gingivalis?

A

amylase

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44
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

- antimicrobial peptides rich in histidine amino acids

A

histatins

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45
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

- prevents the precipitation of calcium phosphate in saliva

A

statherin

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46
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

- family of cysteine protease inhibitors

A

cystatins

47
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

- small cysteine-rich cationic proteins

A

a-defensin (neutrophils)

b-defensin (epithelial cells)

48
Q

Which component of saliva has the following antibacterial and anti-fungal functions?
antibacterial - inhibitor of a protease produced by the oral bacterium Bacteroides gingivalis
anti-fungal - inhibit the growth of Candida albicans (an opportunistic oral fungus)

A

histatins

49
Q

Which component of saliva has the following antibacterial function?
- inhibits the growth of anaerobic bacteria

A

statherin

50
Q

Which component of saliva has the following antibacterial and anti-viral functions?
antibacterial - have antibacterial activity against the pathogen P. gingivalis
anti-viral - antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus

A

cystatins

51
Q

Which component of saliva has antibacterial, anti-viral and antifungal functions?

A

a-defensin (neutrophils)

b-defensin (epithelial cells)

52
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

- mucin, proline rich proteins (PRPs) and salivary agglutinin

A

bacterial agglutinins

53
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

- chelator, high affinity for iron

A

lactoferrin

54
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

- protease inhibitors

A

secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLP1)

55
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

- derived from the salivary glands, GCF and salivary leucocytes

A

lysozyme

56
Q

Which component of saliva has the following antibacterial and antiviral functions?
antibacterial - agglutinate bacteria and facilitate their removal by swallowing inhibit their attachment to oral surfaces
antiviral - mucins, antiviral activity

A

bacterial agglutinins

57
Q

Which component of saliva has the following antibacterial functions?
antibacterial - removal of essential iron inhibits the metabolic activity of several pathogenic bacteria

A

lactoferrin

58
Q

Which component of saliva has the following antibacterial and antiviral functions?
antibacterial - inhibit the ability of bacteria to metabolise salivary proteins to amino acids
antiviral - antiviral activity

A

SLP1

59
Q

Which component of saliva has the following antibacterial function?
antibacterial - enzyme functions by attacking, hydrolysing, and breaking glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycans therefore damages microbial cell walls

A

lysozyme

60
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

- salivary peroxidase and myeloperoxidase

A

peroxidases

61
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

  • secretory IgA predominant
  • produced by B Lymphocytes in GALT
  • small amounts of IgG and IgM
A

immunoglobulins

62
Q

Which component of saliva is the following?

- secretory protein in vesicles of neurons and endocrine cells

A

chromogranin A

63
Q

Which component of saliva has the following antibacterial function?
antibacterial - uses hydrogen peroxide to convert salivary thiocyanate into hypothiocyanite or hypochlorite which are powerful oxidising and antibacterial agents may cause host tissue damage

A

peroxidases

64
Q

Which component of saliva has the following antibacterial, anti-fungal and antiviral functions?
antibacterial - aggregates bacteria and inhibits their adherence to oral tissues and neutralises bacteria
anti fungal - inhibits the adherence of C. albicans to oral epithelial cell
antiviral - neutralises viruses

A

immunoglobulins

65
Q

Which component of saliva has the following antibacterial and anti-fungal functions?
antibacterial - antibacterial activity
antifungal - anti fungal activity

A

chromogranin A

66
Q

What are 5 things that xerostomia can cause?

A
  1. difficulty eating
  2. difficulty with swallowing
  3. difficulty with speech
  4. oral infections
  5. gingivitis
67
Q

What are the 7 components of a saliva secretory duct?

A
  1. serous acinus
  2. mucous acinus
  3. myoepithelial cell
  4. serous demilune
  5. intercalated duct
  6. striated duct
  7. excretory duct
68
Q

Salivary duct.. A?

A

serous acinus

69
Q

Salivary duct… B?

A

mucous acinus

70
Q

Salivary duct… C?

A

myoepithelial cell

71
Q

Salivary duct… D?

A

serous demilune

72
Q

Salivary duct… E?

A

intercalated duct

73
Q

Salivary duct… F?

A

striated duct

74
Q

Salivary duct… G?

A

excretory duct

75
Q

What is the function of serous acinus?

A

secrete serous fluid, watery secretion

found in parotid gland

76
Q

What is the function of mucous acinus?

A

found in sublingual gland
tubular in form
secrete more viscous fluid, contain mucins that make the secretions more viscous

77
Q

What is the function of serous demilune?

A

mixed glands - mucous acini capped by serous demilune

found in submandibular glands

78
Q

What are the 2 functions of myoepithelial cells in the salivary glands?

A
  • surround secretory end piece

- propel secretion into the ductal system

79
Q

What is the combined function of secretory end pieces?

A

surround the central lumen which is the start of the ductal system

80
Q

What are the 3 working parts of the salivary glandular tissue?

A
  1. secretory end pieces (acini)
  2. branched ductal system
  3. specialised nerve and blood supply
81
Q

What is the function of the intercalated duct?

A

epithelium allows for reabsorption and secretion

82
Q

What is the function of the striated ducts?

A

columnar cells with many mitochondria which gives energy to be able to work efficiently

83
Q

What is the function of the excretory ducts?

A

cuboidal cells, terminal part lined with stratified squamous cells for protection

84
Q

What is the definition of salivary secretion?

A

a unidirectional movement of fluid, electrolytes and macromolecules into saliva in response to appropriate stimulation

85
Q

Saliva formation involves two stages, these are?

A
  1. the initial formation stage or primary secretion

2. the modification stage or modified secretion

86
Q

The initial saliva secreted by the acinar cells is described as?

A

isotonic

87
Q

The modification stage or modified secretion

Modification occurs in the striated ducts, secretion changes from isotonic to…?

A

hypotonic solution

88
Q

What happens during modification of saliva?

A
  • reabsorption of Na+ (sodium) and Cl- (chloride) back into plasma
  • secretion of K+ (potassium) and HCO3- (bicarbonate) into the saliva
89
Q

What is the relationship between ductal cells and water?

A

ductal cells are impermeable to water and this is why it allows the saliva to be dilute when it then enters oral cavity

90
Q

Parasympathetic efferent pathways;

sublingual and submandibular glands are from the 1…? via the 2…?

A
  1. facial nerve

2. submandibular ganglion

91
Q

Parasympathetic efferent pathways;

parotid gland from the 1…? via the 2…?

A
  1. glossopharyngeal nerve

2. otic ganglion

92
Q

Sympathetic efferent pathway;

via the 1…? of the sympathetic chan to 2…?

A
  1. cervical ganglion

2. all glands

93
Q

What is the neurotransmitter, receptor and effect on salivation for the sympathetic efferent pathway?

A

neurotransmitter: noradrenaline
receptor: B-adrenoceptors

effect on salivation: decrease flow rate, macromolecule secretion

94
Q

What is the neurotransmitter, receptor and effect on salivation for the parasympathetic efferent pathway?

A

neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
receptors: M3, AChR

effect on salivation: increase flow rate

95
Q

What is the typical amount of unstimulated saliva per min?

A

0.3-0.4 ml per min

96
Q

What is the typical amount of stimulated saliva?

A

0.8-1.7 ml per min

97
Q

What are 8 major factors that affect unstimulated saliva flow rate?

A
  1. degree of hydration
  2. body position
  3. exposure to light
  4. smell
  5. smoking
  6. previous stimulation
  7. circadian and circannual rhythms
  8. drugs
98
Q

What are 5 minor factors that affect unstimulated saliva flow rate?

A
  1. gender
  2. age
  3. body weight
  4. gland size
  5. psychological effects (thought, appetite, stress)
99
Q

How does hyperhydration affect salivary flow rate?

A

increase in salivary flow rate

100
Q

How does dehydration affect saliva flow rate?

A

decrease in salivary flow to conserve water, when body water is reduced by 8% salivary flow abolishes completely

101
Q

What time of day does peak flow rate occur?

A

late afternoon

102
Q

What time of day does the lowest flow rate occur?

A

early morning

103
Q

What are 6 factors that affect stimulated saliva flow rate?

A
  1. nature of stimulus (mechanical chewing gum, gustatory acidic food, unilateral)
  2. gland size
  3. food intake
  4. smell
  5. smoking
  6. vomiting and gag reflex
104
Q

Which type of stimulus is of more significance than the mechanical stimulus of chewing?

A

gustatory stimulus

105
Q

What are 7 factors affecting saliva composition?

A
  1. gland source
  2. flow rate
  3. duration of stimulation
  4. previous stimulation
  5. circadian rhythm
  6. nature of stimuli
  7. plasma composition
106
Q

The parotid salivary gland contributes how much of unstimulated saliva volume?

A

20%

107
Q

The submandibular salivary gland contributes how much of unstimulated saliva volume?

A

65%

108
Q

The sublingual salivary gland contributes how much of unstimulated saliva volume?

A

8%

109
Q

The minor salivary glands contributes how much of unstimulated saliva volume?

A

7%

110
Q

How is saliva composition affected by circadian rhythm?

A

during the day, protein and potassium are higher, sodium is lower

111
Q

How does gland source affect saliva composition?

A

at high flow rates, the parotid gland becomes the dominant gland (50% of the total saliva secretion)

  • parotid gland secretes lower calcium than the submandibular gland, the calcium of whole saliva is reduced at high flow rates

virtually, all amylase in saliva is produced by the parotid glands, increasing levels at high flow rates

112
Q

How does low saliva flow rate affect saliva composition?

A 
at low flow rates there is more time for reabsorption and secretion, the modified saliva under resting conditions contains;
low sodium
low chloride 
low bicarbonate 
high potassium
113
Q

How does high saliva flow rates affect saliva composition?

A 
at high flow rates, there is less time for reabsorption and secretion, the modified saliva is more like initial secretion by acinar cells
sodium increases progressively 
chloride increases
bicarbonate increases to act as a buffer
potassium decreases
114
Q

Why is the presence of calcium and phosphate important in saliva?

A
  • oral homeostasis
  • protection against caries development
  • saliva contains enough calcium and phosphate to prevent demineralisation

DG1006 - HHD1&ANATOMY (12 decks)

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