The Wars Of Religion Flashcards
Philip II
1527-1598
King of Castile, King of Naples
During marriage to Mary I, King of England & Ireland
Spain reached peak of influence and power under his rule
The Escorial
Historical residence of the King of Spain
Functions as a monastery, royal palace, museum, and school. It is also known shorthand as El Escorial or the Escorial.
Golden Age of Spain- Cervantes, El Greco, and Velazquez
Period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise and decline of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty
Cervantes-author of Don Quixote de La Mancha
El Greco-another respected artist from the period, infused Spanish art with the styles of the Italian renaissance and helped create a uniquely Spanish style of painting
Velazquez- regarded as one of the most influential painters of European history and a greatly respected artist in his own time
The Battle of Lepanto of 1571
Took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of southern European Catholic maritime states, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in five hours of fighting on the northern edge of the Gulf of Corinth, off western Greece
Cardinal Granvelle
1517-1586
Burgundian statesman, made a cardinal, who followed his father as a leading minister of the Spanish Habsburgs, and was one of the most influential European politicians during the time which immediately followed the appearance of Protestantism in Europe
William of Orange, aka William “The Silent”
1533-1584
Main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years’ War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648
Duke of Alba
1507-1582
Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands (1567–1573), nicknamed “the Iron Duke” in the Low Countries because of his harsh and cruel rule there and his role in the execution of his political opponents and the massacre of several cities.
Council of Troubles
Special tribunal instituted on September 9, 1567 by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, governor-general of the Habsburg Netherlands on the orders of Philip II of Spain to punish the ringleaders of the recent political and religious “troubles” in the Netherlands.
Aka “Council of Blood”
Union of Utrecht
Treaty signed on 23 January 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under the control of Habsburg Spain.
United Provinces of Europe
1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip’s efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces.This was the start of the Eighty Years’ War.
Elizabeth I
1533-1603
Was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called “The Virgin Queen”, “Gloriana”, or “Good Queen Bess”, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty
Spanish Armada
The Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1588, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England and putting an end to her involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and in privateering in the Atlantic and Pacific. Defeated by Elizabeth I.
“The Protestant Wind”
1) The storm that lashed the Spanish Armada. The wind wrecked the Spanish fleet and thus saved England from invasion by the army of Philip II of Spain. The English made a commemorative medal saying ‘He blew with His winds, and they were scattered’.
2) The favourable winds that enabled William of Orange to invade England (while keeping opposing ships in port) in 1688, when King James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution.
