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Lameness (LHW) > Upper limb lameness > Flashcards

Upper limb lameness Flashcards

1
Q

How can you tell upper limb lameness from distal limb lameness?

A

Swinging = upper limb

Weight bearing = foot

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2
Q

Cellulitis can be caused by ascending infections from foot lesions or penetrations. How is it treated? What is the prognosis?

A

Aggressive antibiotics and anti-inflammatories

Guarded

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3
Q

Do contracted tendon deformities tend to affect all limbs?

A

No - usually both forelimbs

Bilateral

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4
Q

How can contracted tendon deformities be managed conservatively? What are the disadvantages with this treatment?

A

Manually stretching of tendons with banding
Metal splint on palmar aspect
(Care - risk of pressure sores and require changing every 2 weeks due to rapid growth)

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5
Q

What is the surgical treatment for contracted tendon deformities?

A

Tendonectomy

With casting for 2-4 weeks post-op

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6
Q

Cruciate rupture is common in breeding bulls during dismount. How is this treated? When is the prognosis better?

A

Autograft
From fascia of medial gluteobiceps
Better Px if younger and lighter

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7
Q

Flexor tendon injuries may be caused by trauma. How are they treated?

A

Debride wound
Tenorrhaphy - surgical suture of divided tendon
With casting

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8
Q

Why should sedation be avoided in fracture cases? What analgesia and sedation should be given for a fracture if required?

A

Causes weakness - cannot weight bear on leg

NSAIDs and butorphanol

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9
Q

When transporting a potential fracture case, which way should the animal be facing?

A

Two good legs at the front

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10
Q

Gastrocnemius rupture can be due to sudden weight, rotational force, trauma, weakening and more. How can this be differentiated from tibial nerve paralysis?

A

Skin sensation

Gastrocnemius ruptures still have skin sensation

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11
Q

How can gastrocnemius rupture be treated? What is the prognosis?

A

Box rest
Tendon support
Possibly surgery?
Poor prognosis

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12
Q

Hip dislocation can be due to going down in a crush with a raised hindlimb, but is also more common during what stages of a cows life?

A

Oestrus

Parturition (slack ligaments)

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13
Q

Hip dislocation can be craniodorsal or caudoventral. Which is worse? What are the symptoms for each?

A

Craniodorsal - ambulatory

Caudoventral - recumbent, may have obturator nerve damage

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14
Q

What is the treatment for hip dislocation in cows?

A 
Closed reduction 
(euthanasia if caudoventral?)
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15
Q

Hip dysplasia is most common in what age and sex of cattle?

A

Young males

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16
Q

How may a bull present with hip dysplasia? Is it bilateral or unilateral?

A

Decreased libido

Bilateral, but one leg worse

17
Q

Why aren’t radiographs useful in diagnosing hip dysplasia in cattle?

A

Due to shallow acetabulum

18
Q

What are hygromas and how are they treated?

A

Fluid filled sacs over bony prominence due to pressure/trauma
Clip prep, incise and drain, pressure bandage

19
Q

What causes osteochondrosis in cattle?

A

Necrosis of cartilage blood vessels
Leading to altered cartilage growth
(Due to minor/repeated insults?)

20
Q

Which joints are often affected by osteochondrosis?

A

Atlanto-occipital

Femoro-patellar (bilateral)

21
Q

A young animal has decreased libido and some lameness. You suspect osteochondrosis. How do you diagnose or investigate?

A 
Arthroscopy
Joint tap (mild inflammation and protein increase)
22
Q

Osteodystrophy includes two conditions affecting different age cows. What are they?

A

Rickett’s - young animals

Osteomalacia/osteoporosis - adults

23
Q

What causes osteodystrophy (Ricketts, osteoporosis)?

A

Nutritional deficiency (Ca, P, Cu)
Rapid growth
Housing/genetic factors

24
Q

Osteodystrophy can be diagnosed by analysing joint fluid, blood, post-mortem exam or bone ash concentration. What changes would you expect to see on blood biochemistry?

A

Hypocalcaemia

Increased ALP - due to bone remodelling

25
Q

What is the difference between patellar fixation and luxation?

A

Patellar fixation - dorsal dislocation

Patellar luxation - medial or lateral dislocation

26
Q

Adult steers are predisposed to patellar fixation. How is this treated?

A

Cut medial patellar ligament

BOTH limbs - likely to happen in other limb

27
Q

Patellar luxation may be secondary to what condition in fast growing animals? How is luxation treated?

A

Nerve paralysis

Surgical shortening/tightening of joint

28
Q

Pelvic fractures/trauma can cause difficulty in walking (rarely lame) and abnormal carriage or asymmetry of the pelvis. How are they diagnosed? Where is most common to get a fracture?

A

Dx by rectal exam

Tuber coxae most common

29
Q

Peroneus tertitus rupture causes excess flexion of the hindlimb hock and may be caused by trauma. How is it resolved?

A

Box rest

30
Q

What are the 2 causes of septic arthritis?

A

Haematogenous - umbilicus, intestine infection

Traumatic

31
Q

How is septic arthritis diagnosed?

A

Arthrocentesis (>25k cells/ml)

Culture

32
Q

How can septic arthritis be treated?

A

Surgery - lavage and arthroscopy

Intense medical management - antibiotics, anti-inflammatories

33
Q

A bony sequestrum may be sequelae to osteomyelitis. What is a sequestrum?

A

Piece of detached bone

Separated due to necrosis

34
Q

How are sequestrums treated?

A

Surgical removal

35
Q

A cow has a scapula protruding dorsally. What is the most likely diagnosis? What factor can predispose cows to this?

A

Serratus ventralis rupture

Deficiency in vitamin E/selenium predisposes

36
Q

What causes white muscle disease?

A

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency

Triggered by increased activity

37
Q

What haematological findings would you expect to see on serum biochemistry of a cow with white muscle disease?

A

Decreased vitamin E and selenium

Increased ACT and CK

38
Q

How is white muscle disease treated?

A

Vitamin E and selenium supplements

Analgesia if stiff

Lameness (LHW) (6 decks)

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