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Y3 Parasitology S2 > The travelling pet > Flashcards

The travelling pet Flashcards

1
Q

Which 3 factors are leading to the rapid spread of parasitic diseases and their vectors

A

Increased:

  • Pet travel
  • Human migration
  • Climate change
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2
Q

What are some of the main features of Babesia spp

A
  • Apicomplexan protozoan parasite
  • Similar to malaria
  • Intra-erythrocyctic
  • Transmitted by ticks
  • Many species of Babesia: most are host-specific
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3
Q

Which two tick spp transmit Babesia canis?

A
  • Dermacentor reticulatus

- Rhipicephalus sanguineus

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4
Q

Name the 3 morphological stages of Babesia spp

A
  • Sporozoite
  • Trophozoite
  • Merozoite
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5
Q

Which of the 3 Babesia morphologies is the ‘divergent pair’?

A

Merozoite

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6
Q

What size is Babesia canis?

A

4-5um

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7
Q

Describe the life cycle of Babesia spp

A
  • Merozoites divide by asexual binary fission in red blood cells
  • Tick ingests the infected red blood cells
  • Multiplication and sexual reproduction in the tick
  • Dissemination of Babesia throughout the tissues into the ovaries: trans-ovarian transmission
  • Infection passes onto new host by the next generation of ticks
  • As the tick attaches and starts to feed, sporogony occurs in salivary glands
  • Sporozoites injected into host with the tick saliva
  • Sporozoites invade red blood cells and start to divide (merogony)
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8
Q

Describe Babesiosis disease and its clinical signs

A
  • Acute, often fatal in naive dogs
  • Anaemia arises from haemolysis
  • Pale mucus membranes
  • Depression
  • Splenomegaly
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9
Q

How is Babesiosis diagnosed?

A
  • History of recent travel
  • Clinical signs
  • Giemsa stained blood smear to identify merozoites
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10
Q

Which drug is used to treat Babesiosis?

A

Imidocarb

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11
Q

How is the travelling pet protected against Babesia?

A 
Tick control:
- Fipronil (Frontline)
- Fluralaner (Bravecto)
- Imidacloprid + flumethrin collar (Seresto)
Prevent the tick from feeding
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12
Q

What type of protozoa is Leishmania?

A

Flagellated

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13
Q

How is Leishmania transmitted?

A

By sand-flies of the genus Phlembotomus spp

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14
Q

What is the spp of Leishmania that infects dogs?

A

Leishmania infantum

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15
Q

Describe human Leishmania disease

A
  • Transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies
  • Tropics, subtropics and southern Europe
  • Cause of significant morbidity and mortality
  • Cutaneous and visceral form
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16
Q

Which spp is the reservoir for human Leishmania?

A

Dogs

17
Q

What are the two morphological stages of Leishmania?

A
  • Amastigote

- Promastigote

18
Q

Describe the Amastigote stage of Leishmania

A
  • Mammalian stage

- Multiplies in cytoplasm of macrophages

19
Q

Describe the Promastigote stage of Leishmania

A
  • Insect stage

- Contains the flagellum

20
Q

What do both stages of Leishmania have which helps identify the parasite?

A

Kinetoplast

21
Q

Describe the life cycle of Leishmania

A
  • Amastigotes taken up as sand fly feeds from a dog or human
  • In sand fly midgut the amastigotes transform into the promastigote stage (contains flagellum)
  • Infection of new host when sand fly feeds: promastigote migrates from the midgut down the proboscis
  • Promastigotes are internalized by macrophages and loose their flagellum, transforming into the amastigote stage
22
Q

What are some clinical signs of Leishmania?

A
  • Clinical signs range from asymptomatic to severe
  • Alopecia/Hair loss
  • Emaciation
  • Exfoliative dermatitis
  • Eczema
  • Lesions around the edges of ears
  • Peri-orbital alopecia
  • Sores around muco-cutaneous junctions are common
  • Chronic phase of diseases - excessive nail growth
23
Q

How long is the incubation period of canine Leishmania?

A

Canine leishmaniasis has a long incubation time (3-18 months) – symptoms generally appear ~3months

24
Q

How is Leishmania diagnosed?

A
  • History of recent travel
  • Clinical signs
  • Blood tests/Serology
  • PCR
25
Q

Describe the two vaccines for Leishmania in dogs

A
  • CaniLeish: given to dogs from 6 months of age, as 3 injections 3 weeks apart
  • Leifend: given to dogs from 6 months of age as a single injection under the skin
  • Boosters every year
26
Q

How can Leishmania be treated?

A

Treatment does not eliminate the parasite, clinical relapse can occur

  • Allopurinol (lifelong)
  • Miltefosine (caution in pregnancy and liver disease)
  • Meglumine antimoniate (caution in kidney disease)
  • Domperidone (prophylaxis)
27
Q

How can dogs be prevented against Leshmaniasis?

A
  • Advise pet owners of potential risks
  • Vaccination
  • Prevent sandfly bites: sandflies are ‘crepuscular’, so house dogs at dawn and dusk
28
Q

How does the life cycle of Babesia spp. differ from other apicomplexan life cycles?

A

Intra-erythrocyctic parasite that undergoes trans-ovarian transmission which passes on the infection to the new host by the next generation of ticks

29
Q

Is the UK at risk of leishmaniasis becoming endemic? Explain answer.

A

No. It is currently too cold for the development of both sand fly and parasite in the UK, even in southern UK.

30
Q

Which parasite does the following belong to:

Unsporulated oocyst, 12um diameter in fresh faeces of a dog

A

Neospora caninum

31
Q

Which parasite does the following belong to:

Unsporulated oocyst, 12um diameter in fresh faeces of a cat

A

Toxoplasma gondii

32
Q

Which parasite does the following belong to:

Sporulated sporocyst, 12um in faeces of a dog

A

Sarcocystis spp

33
Q

Which parasite does the following belong to:

Unsporulated oocyst, 30um diameter in fresh faeces of a dog

A

Cystiospora spp

34
Q

Which parasite does the following belong to:

Multi-nucleated cyst, 12um in faeces of a dog

A

Giardia spp

35
Q

Which parasite does the following belong to:

A strongyle egg in the faeces of a dog

A

Hook worms - Uncinaria stenocephala in an untravelled dog; Ancylostoma caninum in an imported dog).

Y3 Parasitology S2 (13 decks)

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