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Biological Psychology > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

How does DNA become protein?

A

DNA –> transcribes to –> RNA –> translates to –> protein

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2
Q

An action potential typically runs from…

A

The cell body along an axon to the synapse.

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3
Q

What does a polysomnogram include?

A
  1. EEG (Electro-encephalogram)
  2. EOG (Electro-oculogram)
  3. EMG (Electro-myogram)
  4. EKG/ECG (Electro-cardiogram)
  5. Airflow
  6. Oximeter
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4
Q

How does an EEG work?

A

Measured by putting electrodes on the scalp (outside of the head). Picks up the sum of all the voltage changes in the brain, that happens due to the individual neutrons firing. Big signals when all neurons are doing the same thing in the same area of the brain.

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5
Q

Types of sleep on EEG

A

Aroused - Each neuron is doing it’s own job, so only small deflections in EEG.
Relaxed - Bigger deflections (alpha waves) with a bit more synchronisation.
Deep sleep - Delta waves appear as all neurons are doing the same job.

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6
Q

EEG Wave classification

A

Beta - 13-30 Hz
Alpha - 8-13 Hz
Theta - 3.5-7.5 Hz (in humans)
Delta - Less than 4 Hz

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7
Q

Stages of sleep in more detail

A

Awake - A lot of alpha and beta activity as there are quick and small neuron changes in the brain.
Stage 1 - Begins theta activity (a little slower). People don’t realise they’re asleep.
Stage 2 - Sleep spindles happen (little bursts of 12-15 Hz). Also K Complexes once a minute that is one big deflection.
Stage 3 and 4 - Delta activity begins. People know they’re asleep now.

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8
Q

REM Sleep

A 
Brain is very active with theta and beta activity.
Eyes move rapidly (REM)
Loss of muscle tone: paralysis.
Penile erection/vaginal secretion.
Clear, narrative dreams.
Also called Paradoxical Sleep.
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9
Q

Circadian cycles sleep

A 
Most animals sleep on a circadian cycle.
Some species (river dolphins) sleep in very short bouts (but still 7h a day total)
Other species (ducks, dolphins) sleep with one hemisphere at a time.
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10
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

The body tends to compensate sleep once deprived by adding more REM and slow wave sleep.
Exercise doesn’t effect sleep deprivation.
It does have a clear effect on concentration and cognitive abilities, as well as emotional control.

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11
Q

Evolutionary Theory

A

Sleep conserves energy during the least productive times of a species’ day.
This does not account for hemispheric sleep or short sleep bouts in other species.
And only explains why we sleep when we do.

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12
Q

Brain Recovery Theory

A

Slow wave sleep recovers the state of your brain, as slow wave sleep isn’t effected by physical exercise but is by increases in brain temperature and mental exercise. Slow wave sleep also allows metabolic breakdown products to clear from the brain.

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13
Q

Memory Consolidation Theory

A

The brain needs to perform two separate functions:

  1. Be aware of the environment at all times
  2. Store memories for the longer term

Sleep replays the memories in order to make the memories more outlasting.

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14
Q

Parts of sleep in Memory Consolidation Theory

A

REM sleep: Consolidation of procedural and/or emotional memories.
Slow wave sleep: consolidation of explicit memories that are hippocampus dependent.

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15
Q

Memory Consolidation Theory: REM Sleep

A

More during early development (infancy) as they learn new skills. In rats, if they learnt a maze they will have more REM sleep after. REM sleep deprivation causes worse memory retention.

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16
Q

Memory Consolidation Theory: Slow Wave Sleep

A

Memory traces stored in the hippocampal circuitry are replayed during slow wave sleep.
Experiments with humans also confirm the importance of slow wave sleep for explicit memory consolidation.

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17
Q

Rasch et al (2007)

A

Participants had to study a group of paired cards and had to remember them the next day.

Learning happened while they smelled a rose odour. While in slow wave sleep rose odour would be wafted towards participants. Get tested without rose odour.

Odour helped triggered the memory of the cards in slow wave sleep and consolidates it.

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18
Q

Dreams

A

Everybody dreams in REM (but also some during non-REM).
Dreams are easily forgotten.
Eye movements may relate to scanning visual scenes in dreams.
Slow wave sleep sometimes accompanies night terrors, but not narrative sleep.

19
Q

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

A

Dreams don’t have a function in their content, just a side effect of replaying experiences.

20
Q

What is impaired when you get deprived of REM sleep?

A

Semantic skills (eg recognising bird species)

21
Q

What is glia?

A

The glue of the neurons. Functions as storing energy and moving it between neurones.

22
Q

What is located in the post-synaptic density?

A

Receptor molecules

23
Q

What do EPSPs do?

A

It makes the neuron more likely to fire an action potential (excitatory vs inhibitory)

24
Q

Three parts of the brain

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla.

25
Q

Brainstem Reticular Formation

A

A group of dozens of nuclei running through medulla, pons and tegmentum.

26
Q

Neurotransmitters in the Reticular Activating System

A
  1. Acetylcholinergic
  2. Noradrenergic
  3. Serotonergic
  4. Histaminergic
  5. Hypocretinergic
27
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Two groups:

  1. In the Reticular Activating System in the Pons (Metencephalon)
  2. In the Basal Forebrain (Telencephalon)

Blocking acetylcholine causes larger and slower changes in EEGs (like sleep).

28
Q

Noradrenaline/Norepinephrin

A

From Locus Coeruleus (in RAS in Pons). Related to vigilance and induced by external stimuli.

29
Q

Serotonin

A

From Raphe Nuclei (RAS in Pons and Medulla)

Influences locomotion and cortical arousal, but not sensitive to external stimuli

30
Q

Histamine

A

In the Tuberomammilary Nucleus (in the hypothalamus)
High during waking, low during sleep.
Anti-histamines put you to sleep.

31
Q

Hypocretin

A

In the lateral hypothalamus
Has excitatory (hypocretinergic) connections to the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, tuberomammillary nucleus, dorsal pons, basal forebrain, cerebral cortex and more.
Active during waking and exploration.

32
Q

Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (vIPOA)

A

Switches us from alert and awake to asleep.

In hypothalamus and connects through GABA-ergic (inhibitory) synapses to all the other neurons in order to stop them.

33
Q

Flip-flop system

A

The vIPOA inhibits the arousal systems when asleep and the inverse happens when awake.

34
Q

What is the sleep-wake flip-flop system influenced by?

A

Homeostasis control (maintaining a working system), allostatic control (over-ride in case of danger), circadian control (controls sleep relative to the day-night cycle).

35
Q

Adenosine

A

Produced by astrocytes glia. Increased levels of adenosine causes more gamma waves during slow wave sleep. Also has inhibitory effects on neurons.

36
Q

Two hypotheses for adenosine action

A

Disinhibition of vIPOA or inhibition of the hypocretinergic neurons as they have adenosine receptors.

37
Q

Genetic differences in adenosine

A

People with the G/A genotype have adenosine deaminase (adenosine destroyers) work more slowly than those with the G/G genotype. This means G/A genotype people need 30 minutes more SWS.

38
Q

Pontine-Geniculate-Occipital (PGO) waves

A

The pons area of the brain sends waves to the occipital part of the eyes and brain. This accounts for why we have visual dreams.

39
Q

REM Sleep Flip-Flop

A

Mutual inhibition between the sunlaterodorsal Nucleus (SLD) in dorsal pons (REM ON) and the Ventrolateral Peri-Aqueductal Gray Matter (vIPAG) in midbrain (REM OFF)

40
Q

What do the REM ON neurons in the SLD indirectly effect

A

EEG changes in the acetylcholinergic basal forebrain.
Acetylcholinergic pons which activate the lateral prep-tic area and directly activate the lateral geniculate nucleus causing PGO waves. They also activate the neurons in the Tectum that cause Rapid Eye Movements.
Also causes muscle paralysis.

41
Q

Paralysis in REM sleep

A

SLD –> Magnocellular Nucleus (Medial Medulla) –> Inhibition of the Spinal Motor Neurones.

42
Q

Insomnia Sleep Disorder

A

Individual differences in sleep requirements. Occurrence is overestimates and sleeping pills make it worse. Can be caused by sleep apnea (not breathing when sleeping).

43
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep attacks where you go into REM sleep suddenly. Cataplexy is all that but without the sleep. Often goes with hypnagogic hallucinations.
All to do with deficits in hypocretinergic neurons.

44
Q

REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder

A

Also called REM without Atonia. It causes no paralysis during REM sleep where you act out your dreams, can be genetic or damage to the brain stem.

Biological Psychology (7 decks)

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