june 2017- paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the structure of glycogen (2)

A

large polymer of a-glucose joined together by glycosidic bonds

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2
Q

co-transport (3)

A
  • hydrolysis of atp used
  • substances bind to the protein
  • protein changes shape
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3
Q

why does high absorption of salt lead to more tissue fluid (2)

A
  • lower water potential of tissue fluid

- less water returns to capillary by osmosis

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4
Q

why do some bacteria excrete extracellular enzymes (2)

A
  • to digest protein

- so the amino acids can be absorbed

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5
Q

how does phagocytosis lead to expression of antigens? (3)

A
  • phagosome fuses with lysosome
  • virus destroyed by lysosymes
  • antigens are displayed on the cell membrane
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6
Q

how does presentation of an antigen lead to the secretion of an antibody? (4)

A
  • TH cell binds to the antigen
  • stimulates a B cell
  • B cell clones
  • produces plasma cells
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7
Q

3 comparisons of genetic diversity

A
  • mRNA base sequence
  • amino acid sequence
  • DNA sequence
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8
Q

6 ways an insect’s tracheal system is adapted for efficient gas exchange

A
  • tracheoles have thin walls so short diffusion distance
  • highly branched so short diffusion distance
  • highly branched so large surface area
  • tracheae are tubes of air so fast diffusion
  • fluid in the end of tracheoles that moves out during exercise so faster diffusion
  • body can be moved to maintain concentration gradient
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