woo yeah last min paper 1

Question 1

function of cholesterol

Answer 1

restricts the movement of other molecules to make the membrane less fluid and prevent leakage

Question 2

channel protein structure

Answer 2

protein embedded into the membrane with a water-filled tube to allow transport of molecules

Question 3

function of glycoproteins and glycolipids

Answer 3

helps cells attach to form tissues, glycoproteins act as markers so cells can be identified as foreign/self

Question 4

structure of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

continuous with the nucleus, system of sheet-like membranes

Question 5

endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 5

synthesises and transports (lipids/carbs/proteins), passes molecules to golgi

Question 6

golgi function

Answer 6

secretes carbohydrates, modifies proteins and lipids

Question 7

golgi vesicles

Answer 7

can be lysosomes, and contain molecules for transportation, which could be lysozymes

Question 8

nucleolus function

Answer 8

manufactures ribosomes

Question 9

vacuole membrane

Answer 9

tonoplast

Question 10

cell wall functions

Answer 10

contributes to movement of water around a plant’s tissue, helps maintain structure

Question 11

site of light-dependent

Answer 11

thylakoids, which make up grana

Question 12

site of light-independent

Answer 12

stroma

Question 13

function of capsule in bacteria

Answer 13

helps cells stick together

Question 14

function of plasmids

Answer 14

contains dna helpful in adverse conditions

Question 15

potential problems with electron micrographs

Answer 15

images may contain artefacts

Question 16

sem vs tem resolution

Answer 16

sem is lower

Question 17

suspension used for centrifugation

Answer 17

cold/buffered/isotonic

Question 18

fancy word for blend

Answer 18

homogenise

Question 19

how electron microscopes work

Answer 19

electron beam targeted with electromagnets

Question 20

diversity definition

Answer 20

different alleles of a gene present in a population

Question 21

leaf transport adaptations

Answer 21

mesophyll creates large sa for absorbtion of gases, remain in gas phase for quicker absorbtion

Question 22

alveoli- why short diffusion distance

Answer 22

capillaries 1 cell thick, flattened against side of alveolus

Question 23

how does the liquid insect thing work

Answer 23

fluid at the end of tracheoles move into cells via osmosis due to lactate concentration. air drawn into cell due to this movement

Question 24

xerophytic plant adaptations

Answer 24

waxy cuticle, stomata in pits surrounded by hairs, leaves rolling up, small sa:v

Question 25

explanation of gill lamellae structure

Answer 25

capillary runs parallel to maintain countercurrent flow

Question 26

what changing shape does to bonds of substrate

Answer 26

distorts

Question 27

starch features

Answer 27

insoluble so doesnt impact water potential, coiled, branched

Question 28

cellulose levels of structure

Answer 28

chains w h bond cross-links > myofibrils > fibres

Question 29

how does water get out of the xylem?

Answer 29

water potential gradient due to evaporation

Question 30

for translocation

Answer 30

``` ringing experiments respiratory poisons stops moving up at night sap companion sells have mitochondria ```

Question 31

against translocation

Answer 31

not all solutes move at the same speed movement at the same rate down the whole plant sieve plates weird

Question 32

what are sink cells

Answer 32

respiring cells

Question 33

why does the bohr effect happen

Answer 33

lower ph changes the shape of haemoglobin

Question 34

purpose of double circulatory system

Answer 34

allows pressure to be raised again after oxygenation so blood can get to organs

Question 35

name of outside heart veins

Answer 35

coronary artery, cardiac vein

Question 36

diastole- valves

Answer 36

av open | sl closed

Question 37

atrial systole- valves

Answer 37

av open | sl closed

Question 38

ventricular systole- valves

Answer 38

av closed | sl open

Question 39

what is tissue fluid made of

Answer 39

blood plasma

Question 40

why do arterioles have thicker muscle layers

Answer 40

controls movement into capillaries

Question 41

other way for tissue fluid to return to the blood

Answer 41

lymph fluid

Question 42

species richness

Answer 42

number of different species in a community

Question 43

index of diversity

Answer 43

relationship between number of species in a community and number of individuals of each species

Question 44

conservation actions

Answer 44

maintaining or planting hedgerows leave ponds or create new ones use organic fertiliser create conservation headlands with wild plants