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Anatomy EK Separated, and some extras > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sciatic nerve roots?

A

L4 - S3 (lumbosacral plexus).

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2
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body?

A

The sciatic nerve.

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3
Q

What does the sciatic nerve give motor innervation to?

A

Muscles of the posterior thigh and hamstring of adductor magnus

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4
Q

When the sciatic nerve terminates it bifurcates into 2 nerves. What are they?

A
  • Tibial.

- Common fibular.

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5
Q

What are the 3 main long bones in the lower limb?

A
  1. Femur (proximal).
  2. Fibula (distal and lateral).
  3. Tibia (distal and medial).
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6
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

The femoral nerve, L2-4.

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7
Q

What is the action of the majority of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Extension of the leg at the knee.

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8
Q

What is the innervation to iliacus?

A

Femoral nerve L2-4.

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9
Q

What muscles make up quadriceps femoris?

A
  1. Vastus medialis.
  2. Vastus intermedius.
  3. Vastus lateralis.
  4. Rectus femoris.
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10
Q

What attaches the patella to the tibia?

A

The patella ligament.

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11
Q

What is the innervation of quadriceps femoris?

A

Femoral nerve, L2-4.

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12
Q

What is the origin of sartorious?

A

ASIS.

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13
Q

What is the action of sartorious?

A

Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation at the hip. Flexion at the knee

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14
Q

What is the innervation to sartorious?

A

Femoral nerve, L2-4.

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15
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator, L2-4.

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16
Q

Name the 5 muscles found in the medial compartment of the thigh.

A
  1. Gracilis.
  2. Obturator externus.
  3. Adductor brevis.
  4. Adductor longus.
  5. Adductor magnus.
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17
Q

What is the action of adductor brevis, adductor longus and adductor magnus.

A

Adduction of the thigh

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18
Q

What is the innervation of adductor brevis, adductor longus and adductor magnus.

A

Obtruator nerve, L2-4.

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19
Q

What forms the superior border of the femoral triangle?

A

The inguinal ligament.

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20
Q

What muscle forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor longus.

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21
Q

What muscle forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

Sartorious.

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22
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein and lymph nodes. NAV lateral to medial.

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23
Q

What is the femoral canal and what does it contain?

A

A potential space medial to the femoral vein. It contains lymph nodes.

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24
Q

What are the contents of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral artery, veins and lymphatics.

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25
Q

What is the surface marking for the femoral artery?

A

2cm below the mid-inguinal point.

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26
Q

Where is the femoral artery pulsation palpable?

A

Below the mid-inguinal point.

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27
Q

Name the arteries in between the aorta and the femoral artery?

A

Aorta -> common iliac arteries -> external iliac arteries -> femoral artery.

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28
Q

Name the 2 main branches of the femoral artery.

A
  1. Profunda femoris artery.

2. Superficial femoral artery.

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29
Q

Name all the major veins blood flows through from the femoral vein to the heart?

A

Femoral vein -> external iliac vein -> common iliac vein -> IVC -> hear

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30
Q

Which joints does the femoral nerve supply?

A

The hip and knee.

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31
Q

In what muscle is the obturator nerve formed

A

Psoas major.

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32
Q

When does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?

A

When it crosses under the inguinal ligament into the femoral triangle.

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33
Q

What artery does the obturator arise from?

A

The internal iliac artery

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34
Q

Name the 3 glutei muscles.

A
  1. Gluteus maximus.
  2. Gluteus medius.
  3. Gluteus minimus.
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35
Q

3

What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve.

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36
Q

What is the action of gluteus maximus?

A

Extension of the thigh

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37
Q

What is the action of gluteus medialis and minimus?

A

Abduction of the lower limb.

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38
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus medialis and minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve.

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39
Q

What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3.

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40
Q

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

The muscles of the posterior thigh and the hamstring part of adductor magnus.

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41
Q

What does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into?

A

The tibial and common peroneal (common fibular) nerves.

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42
Q

What 3 muscles make up the hamstrings?

A
  1. Biceps femoris (lateral).
  2. Semimembranous (medial).
  3. Semitendinous.
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43
Q

What is the action of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Extension at the hip and flexion at the knee.

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44
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve L4-S3.

45
Q

What is the dermatome of the inguinal region?

A

T12.

46
Q

What is the dermatome of the big toe?

A

L5.

47
Q

What is the dermatome of the little toe?

A

S1.

48
Q

What is the dermatome of the patella?

A

L3.

49
Q

Name 3 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg.

A
  1. Tibialis anterior.
  2. Extensor digitorum longus.
  3. Extensor hallucis longus.
50
Q

What are the actions of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexion and inversion. The extensors also extend the toes.

51
Q

What is the innervation to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Deep peroneal nerve (L4-5).

52
Q

What is the action of tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.

53
Q

Describe inversion of the foot.

A

Turning the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially.

54
Q

What is the action of extensor digitorum longus?

A

Dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the toes

55
Q

What is the blood supply to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

56
Q

Name 2 muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg.

A

Peroneal brevis and longus.

57
Q

What are the actions of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the thigh?

A

Eversion and plantarflexion.

58
Q

What is the innervation to the muscles in the lateral compartment of the thigh?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve.

59
Q

Name 2 superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh.

A

Soleus and gastrocnemius.

60
Q

How many heads does gastrocnemius have?

A

2 - medial and lateral. They form the inferior borders of the popliteal fossa

61
Q

What are the 2 actions of gastrocnemius?

A

Plantarflexion at the ankle and flexion at the knee.

62
Q

What other muscle combines to form the calcaneal tendon with gastrocnemius?

A

Soleus.

63
Q

What is the action of soleus?

A

Plantarflexion.

64
Q

What is the innervation to the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve.

65
Q

In what compartment of thelower limb are the hamstrings located

A

The posterior thigh

66
Q

Name 4 deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg.

A
  1. Popliteus.
  2. Flexor digitorum longus.
  3. Flexor hallucis longus.
  4. Tibialis posterior.
67
Q

How many tarsal bones are there?

A

7.

68
Q

Which nerve winds around the neck of the fibula?

A

The common peroneal nerve

69
Q

How do the superficial and deep veins of the leg communicate?

A

Via perforators which pass through the deep fascia.

70
Q

What veins drain the superficial leg?

A

Short and long saphenous veins. The short saphenous vein drains the posterior leg

71
Q

What area of the foot receives skin sensation from the deep peroneal nerve?

A

Dorsum of the first web space.

72
Q

How can you test tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexion at the ankle.

73
Q

Which muscle compartment is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve?

A

Anterior leg.

74
Q

Which artery is the dorsal pedis artery a branch of?

A

The anterior tibial artery.

75
Q

What is the anterior tibial artery a branch of?

A

The popliteal artery. (Popliteal artery is a branch of the femoral artery).

76
Q

What are the actions of the peroneii muscles?

A

Eversion of the foot

77
Q

What muscles make up the peroneii muscles

A
  • Peroneal longus.

- Peroneal brevis.

78
Q

What nerve innervates the peroneii muscles?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve.

79
Q

How can you test the peroneii muscles?

A

Eversion against resistance

80
Q

Why is the blood supply to the shaft of the tibia relatively poor

A

The tibia has few muscles attached it. Attached muscles are responsible for supplying the majority of blood to a bone

81
Q

How do you test the gastrocnemius

A

Ask the patient to stand on their tip toes.

82
Q

Which segments of the spinal cord are you testing when you elicit the ankle jerk reflex?

A

S1,2.

83
Q

Which segments of the spinal cord are you testing when you elicit the knee jerk reflex?

A

The femoral head articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis.

84
Q

What is the main function of the hip joint?

A

To bear weight - its range of movements is therefore limited.

85
Q

What is the intrascapular ligament of the hip joint

A

The ligament of the head of the femur.

86
Q

Give 2 features of the acetabulum which add stability to the hip join

A
  1. It is deep and encompasses nearly all of the head of the femur.
  2. It is surrounded by the acetabular labrum which increases its depth and provides a larger articular surface
87
Q

What nerves innervate the hip joint?

A

Sciatic, obturator and femoral.

Any nerve supplying a muscles which moves a joint also innervates the joint

88
Q

What are the 2 articulations of the knee joint?

A
  1. Tibiofemoral.

2. Patellofemoral.

89
Q

Give 3 functions of the medial and lateral menisci.

A
  1. Shock absorbers.
  2. Permit some rotation.
  3. Deepen the articulating surfaces and so increase stability.
90
Q

What are the medial and lateral menisci both attached to?

A

The intercondylar area of the tibia.

91
Q

What bones do the cruciate ligaments attach to?

A

The femur and the tibia.

92
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Hinge, synovial.

93
Q

What movements are permitted at the ankle joint?

A

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

94
Q

Which muscles of the leg are responsible for dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus (anterior compartment).

95
Q

Which muscles of the leg are responsible for plantarflexion?

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus (posterior compartment).

96
Q

What 3 bones make up the ankle joint?

A

Tibia, fibula and talus.

97
Q

What binds the tibia and fibular?

A

Tibiofibular ligaments.

98
Q

What muscles support the pelvis when standing on one leg?

A

Gluteus medius and minimus.

99
Q

What is the action of popliteus?

A

Twists the tibia on the femur to unlock the knee.

100
Q

What are the functions of the quadriceps?

A

Extension at the knee and flexion at the hip

101
Q

What is the function of the patella?

A

Transfers force from the quadriceps over the knee to the tibia.

102
Q

What are the attachments of the patella

A

Quadriceps femoris tendon superiorly and patellar ligament inferiorly.

103
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery.

104
Q

What is the blood supply to the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery.

105
Q

What is the blood supply to the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Peroneal artery.

106
Q

What is the innervation to the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep peroneal nerve.

107
Q

What is the innervation to the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve.

108
Q

Which muscles flex the knee?

A

Hamstrings - posterior thigh.

Anatomy EK Separated, and some extras (20 decks)

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