4/20 Lecture - Evolution of Homo

Question 1

Mode 3 Tools:

Answer 1

Levallois technique

• mulit step process
• “prepared core” technique
• final tool = flake
• Uniform flakes

Question 2

Hafting

Answer 2

Attaching a handle to a tool

Question 3

Mousterian (Mode III)

Answer 3

Specifically relating to Neanderthals

- conjunction of animal bones and stone tools

Question 4

Homo heidelbergensis

Answer 4

• Acheulean Industry - Mode 2
• used a variety of plant and animal resources
  Primitive:
• long low braincase
• thick cranial bones
• large brow ridge
• large robust face
• no chin
  Derived:
• substantially larger brain than H. erectus

Question 5

Homo neanderthalensis

Answer 5

• found in europe - 127 - 30 kya
• Large brains,
• more global crania,
• occipital bun
• big double arched brow ridges/supraorbital torus
• large prominent nose
• midfacial prognathism
• no bony chin
• small back teeth/ large, heavily worn front teeth,
• taurodont roots
• Robust, heavily muscled bodies.
• lived short, difficult lives

Question 6

Shanidar I

Answer 6

‘Nandy’ - elderly Neanderthal

• displayed trauma-related abnormalities
• (painful everyday life)

Question 7

Shanidar IV

Answer 7

adult male aged 30-45 years,

• Neanderthal burial ritual?
• (people think rats brought the pollen in)

Question 8

Ubeidiya

Answer 8

1. 4 and 1.0 million years ago.
   - “Israel” south of the Sea of Galilee
   - One of the earliest archaeological sites outside of Africa

Question 9

FIRE

Answer 9

Earliest evidence - 1MYA in S Africa

Question 10

Potential uses for fire

Answer 10

• warmth
• cooking
• protection
• hunting
• heat treating rocks*

Question 11

Dmanisi hominins

Answer 11

1.75 MYA
- use Oldowan tools
Crania:
- smaller brain than H. erectus
Post Crania:
- long limbs/modern proportions
Implies: H. erectus first to walk out of Africa

Question 12

musculoskeletal hypertrophy

Answer 12

Great size and associated strength in the muscles and bones of a species or individual

Question 13

crural index

Answer 13

The ratio of the length of the shin bone (tibia) to the length of the thigh bone (femur).

Question 14

Skhul / Qafzeh

Answer 14

From the Middle East
Earliest Anatomically modern
skeletal evidence for dispersal out of Africa

Question 15

entoptic phenomena

Answer 15

visual experiences derived from within the eye or brain (as opposed to externally, as in normal vision)

Question 16

Cro-Magnon

Answer 16

now called Early Modern Humans or

• Anatomically Modern Humans
• people who lived at the end of the last ice age
• they lived alongside Neanderthals