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ACP Skills and Review > Labs & Values (As per Jarrod) > Flashcards

Labs & Values (As per Jarrod) Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause a high RBC count?

A

Polycythemia

May be due to high altitude or COPD

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2
Q

Normal RBC value?

A

Men: 4.2 – 5.6 million
Women: 3.8 – 5.1 million

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3
Q

What can cause a low RBC count?

A

Aplastic anemia, abnormal suppression (like from antiretroviral drugs or chemotherapy), problems with the bone marrow.

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4
Q

What can cause a high WCB count?

A
  • Infection
  • Leukemia
  • Steroids
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5
Q

What can cause a low WBC count?

A
  • Immune Deficiency

- Viral Infections

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6
Q

What is a normal WBC count?

A

3.8 – 11 Thousand

The same for men and women

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7
Q

What can cause high Hemoglobin?

A

Any condition or environment in which your body requires an increased oxygen-carrying capacity. A common cause is smoking.

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8
Q

What can cause low Hemoglobin?

A
  • Anemia
  • Blood Loss
  • Overhydration
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9
Q

What can cause a high Hematocrit?

A
  • Dehydration

- Polycythemia

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10
Q

What can cause a low Hematocrit?

A
  • Overhydration
  • Anemia
  • Blood Loss
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11
Q

Normal Hematocrit value?

A

Men: 39 – 54%
Women: 34 –47%

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12
Q

What can cause a high bands lab value?

A

Bacterial Infection

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13
Q

What can cause low bands lab value?

A
  • Typhoid

- Tularemia

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14
Q

What does ‘bands’ refer to in blood work?

A

Bands are an immature form of neutrophils essential for fighting disease and so produced in excess during an infection.

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15
Q

What can cause a high Segs lab value?

A
  • Bacterial Infection

- Severe Stress

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16
Q

What can cause a low Segs lab value?

A
  • Typhoid
  • Tularemia
  • Brucellosis
  • Cancer
  • Bone Marrow ⇓
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17
Q

What can cause a high Eosinophils lab value?

A
  • Leukemia

- Parasite Infection

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18
Q

What can cause a low Eosinophils lab value?

A

Corticosteroid Therapy

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19
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

A type of WBC mainly seen when fighting a parasitic infection, in an allergic reaction, or when diagnosed with leukemia.

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20
Q

What can cause a high Basophils lab value?

A

Leukemia

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21
Q

What can cause a low Basophils lab value?

A
  • Allergic Reaction

- Corticosteroid Therapy

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22
Q

What are Basophiles?

A

WCBs that release histamine during an allergic reaction or asthma attack. Also act as “immune surveillance” with some ability to detect and destroy early cancer cells.

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23
Q

What can cause a high Lymphocytes lab value?

A
  • Viral Infection

- Leukemia

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24
Q

What can cause a low Lymphocytes lab value?

A
  • HIV/AIDS

- Autoimmune Disease

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25
Q

What are Lymphocytes?

A

Natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells

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26
Q

What can cause a high Monocytes lab value?

A
  • Tuberculosis
  • Protozoan
  • Infection
  • Leukemia
27
Q

What can cause low Monocytes lab value?

A
  • Overwhelming Infection

- Glucocorticoids

28
Q

What are monocytes?

A

The largest type of WBC that can differentiate into macrophages and conventional dendritic cells.

29
Q

What is a normal Sodium lab value?

A

135 – 145 mEq/L

30
Q

What can cause a high Sodium lab value?

A
  • Dehydration
  • ⇑NS Administration
  • Blood Transfusion
  • ⇓ Renal Function
31
Q

What can cause a low Sodium lab value?

A

Overhydration, Sodium Loss, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Sweating, Diuretics, DKA, Renal Disease

32
Q

What is a normal Potassium lab value?

A

3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L

33
Q

What can cause a high Potassium lab value?

A
  • Renal Failure
  • Metabolic Acidosis
  • Massive Tissue Damage
  • High intake
34
Q

What can cause a low Potassium lab value?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Large Steroid Dose
  • ⇓ Dietary Intake
35
Q

What can cause a high Chloride lab value?

A
  • ⇑ Na Level
  • Renal Failure
  • ⇓ HCO3 Levels
36
Q

What can cause a low Chloride lab value?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Vomiting, Diarrhea
  • Gastric Suctioning
37
Q

What is a normal HC03 (bicarb) arterial value? Venous?

A

22 – 26 mEq/L Arterial

22 - 29 mEq/L Venous

38
Q

What can cause a high HCO3 (bicarb) value?

A
  • Base Excess
  • Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Diuretic Use
  • Vomiting
39
Q

What can cause a low HCO3 (bicarb) value?

A
  • Base Deficit
  • Metabolic Acidosis
  • ⇑ in Cl Level (reaction depletes bicarb
40
Q

What is a normal PaCO2 value?

A

35-45 mmHg

41
Q

What causes a high PaCO2 value?

A

Respiratory Acidosis or compensation for Metabolic Alkalosis.

42
Q

What causes a low PaCO2 value?

A

Respiratory Alkalosis or compensation for Metabolic Acidosis.

43
Q

What is a normal Magnesium lab value?

A

1.4 – 1.9 mEq/L

44
Q

What can cause high Magnesium?

A
  • Dialysis
  • Adrenal Insufficiency
  • Magnesium Ingestion
45
Q

What can cause low Magnesium?

A
  • Alcoholism
  • Hypercalcemia
  • DKA
  • Vomiting, Diarrhea
46
Q

What is a normal Calcium lab value?

A

8.5 – 11 mg/dL

47
Q

What can cause high calcium?

A
  • Falsely high with dehydration
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Malignant Tumor
  • Immobilization
  • Thiazide Diuretics
  • Vitamin D Intoxication
48
Q

What can cause low calcium?

A
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Renal Disease
  • Pancreatitis
  • Blood Transfusions
  • Malnutrition
49
Q

What can cause high Phosphate?

A
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Renal Failure
  • ⇑ Growth Hormone
  • Vitamin D Intoxication
50
Q

What can cause low Phosphate?

A
  • Diuresis
  • Carbohydrate Loading
  • Malnutrition
  • Antacid Abuse
51
Q

What is a normal pH arterial value? Venous?

A
  1. 35 - 7.45 Arterial

7. 31 - 7.41 Venous

52
Q

What is a normal PaO2 arterial value? Venous?

A

85 - 100 mmHg Arterial

30 - 40 mmHg Venous

53
Q

What is a normal base excess (BE) arterial lab value?

A

-2 to +2 mmol/L

54
Q

What does BE stand for in labs?

A

Base excess. It’s the mmol/L of base that needs to be removed to bring the pH back to normal when PaCO2 is corrected to 40 mmHg.

55
Q

What is a high BMP (B-natriuretic peptide) indicative of?

A

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A value over 300 indicates mild CHF, over 600 is moderate, and over 900 is considered severe.

56
Q

What can cause high ammonia?

A

Liver Cirrhosis/Failure

57
Q

What can cause a high Amylase?

A

Acute Pancreatitis

58
Q

What can cause a high Bilirubin?

A

Liver damage or Disease

59
Q

What can cause a high BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)?

A

In general, it indicates kidney disfunction. May be due to dehydration or urinary tract obstruction.

60
Q

What can cause high creatinine?

A

Impaired kidney function or Kidney disease

61
Q

What causes high lactate?

A

Strenuous exercise or disease processes such as heart failure, sepsis, or shock that lower blood flow causing tissue hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism.

62
Q

What is a normal Ejection Fraction?

A

60 - 75%

63
Q

What is an Ejection Fraction?

A

The ratio between stroke volume and end diastolic volume. In other words, the fraction of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat from the total volume of blood available within it.

64
Q

What is Hematocrit?

A

The ratio of RBCs to whole blood volume.

ACP Skills and Review (15 decks)

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