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Psychology of Addiction > Final Exam Cannabinoids > Flashcards

Final Exam Cannabinoids Flashcards

1
Q

Cannabinoids are

A

drugs that contain Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) or have similar pharmacologic actions

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2
Q

over __ cannabinoids, including naturally-occurring and synthetic, exist

A

70

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3
Q

cannabis is a hemp plant indigenous to the __ and __ mountains

A

Altai

Tien-Shan

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4
Q

it has been cultivated for at least ___ years

A

6,000

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5
Q

because of its physical strength it is often used to make ___

A

rope

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6
Q

about 2,000 years ago it was first used as an ___

A

anesthetic during operations

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7
Q

marijuana comes from the __ plant ___

A

hemp

cannabis sativa

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8
Q

hash oil is derived by (3)

A
  1. soaking cannabis flowers (buds) in isopropanol (an alcohol)
  2. removing all plant material, then
  3. heating the mixture to evaporate the isopropanol
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9
Q

butane honey oil (BHO): butane is used instead of __ for extraction

A

isopropanol

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10
Q

Δ9-THC levels in marijana ___

A

4.5%

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11
Q

Δ9-THC levels in BHO can be as high as __%

A

60-90%

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12
Q

cannabis sativa (marijuana) contains hundreds of ___ chemical constituents

A

non-psychoactive

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13
Q

despite some media reports, marijuana use is not associated with ___

A

lung cancer

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14
Q

however, increased rates of __ cancer (up to 2x) are reported in epidemiologic studies

A

testicular

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15
Q

naturally-occurring: among the 70+ known naturally-occurring cannabinoids, 3 are psychoactive:

A
  1. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)
  2. Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (67% as potent as Δ9-THC)
  3. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabidivarin (25% as potent as Δ9-THC)
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16
Q

synthetic: artificial cannabinoids are a relatively recent development; examples (among many) include (2)

A
  1. spice

2. K2

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17
Q

these compounds (synthetic spice and K2) are known by ___, after John W. Huffman, an organic chemist at Clemson, who first synthesized them

A

JWH designations

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18
Q

like Δ9-THC, they (spice and K2) are cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 (CB1, CB2) __

A

agonists

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19
Q

___ is the most commonly used illegal drug in the US

A

marijuana

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20
Q

__% of those ages 12 and older have used marijuana

A

42

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21
Q

although rates of use have increased steadily since 2000, rates of ___ have NOT

A

marijuana use disorder

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22
Q

about __% of those who ever used cannabis in the past year show cannabis dependence

A

9%

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23
Q

True or False? marijuana is often the first regularly used psychoactive drug for children/adolescents, even ahead of alcohol and tobacco

A

True

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24
Q

Medical Uses: marijuana (THC) has a number of __ and potential medical uses

A

proven

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25
Q

Behavioral Effects: marijuana use is intoxicating, and includes __ a dream-like state, and at high doses, ___

A

euphoria, happiness,

tiredness and fatigue

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26
Q

Behavioral effects of marijuana: some people become more __, some people become more __ (also depends on dose). Concentration worsens, memory becomes poor, simple tasks require excess effort, and slowed perception of time

A

sociable

withdrawn

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27
Q

marijuana is almost always__ (__ administration is very inefficient)

A

smoked

oral

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28
Q

as with all inhaled substances, marijuana hits the bloodstream in __

A

seconds

29
Q

peak blood levels occur in __

A

3-10 min

30
Q

only about _% of Δ9-THC has entered the brain at the time of ___

A

1

behavioral/psychoactive effects

31
Q

significant accumulation is stored in ___, unlike other drugs

A

body fat

32
Q

Δ9-THC is broken down by the __

A

liver

33
Q

elimination half-lives of all active metabolites: __days

A

5-6

34
Q

metabolites can therefore be detected in urine for __

A

over a month

35
Q

For many years (and even today), a common belief was that cannabis use does not induce ___. Beginning in the 1980s (when THC preparations gained considerable strength), a __ was identified

A

dependence

dependence syndrome

36
Q

Cannabis dependence syndrome (5)

A 
fear of health consequences
blunted emotion expression
emotional alienation from loved ones
low achievement
low grade depression
37
Q

Progression from casual to dependent follows a typical course: (5)

A 
pleasurable social use
tolerance
more frequent use
social withdrawal
functional impairment at work/school
38
Q

2 types of dependence have been noted (note that this is not unlike alcohol, for which no such distinction is made):

A

Type one: multiple times a day

Type two: every 24-48 hours

39
Q

Dependence symptoms are __ to those observed for other substances

A

similar

40
Q

tolerance to both ___ and ___ builds rapidly, even among light/moderate smokers

A 
physical effects (e.g., heart rate acceleration)
psychological effects (subjective high)
41
Q

tolerance this occurs through ___ (cannabinoid receptors are profoundly ___)

A

neuroadaptations

downregulated

42
Q

__ effects (e.g., altered liver metabolism) are minimal

A

metabolic

43
Q

cannabis withdrawal syndrome is well characterized

DSM-5 withdrawal syndrome requires three of more of the following: (7)

A
  1. irritability, anger, or aggression
  2. nervousness or anxiety
  3. sleep difficulty
  4. decreased appetite/weight loss
  5. restlessness
  6. depressed mood
  7. abdominal pain, shakiness/tremors, sweating, fever, chills, headache
44
Q

effects on ___ and ___ are similar to those induced by alcohol

A

psychomotor performance

memory

45
Q

among those suspected of driving impaired who have NOT used alcohol, __ test positive for marijuana

A

1/3

46
Q

marijuana use __ the risk of motor vehicle accidents

A

doubles

47
Q

for unknown reasons, cannabis use rates are high among people who are predisposed to or suffer from ___

A

psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder)

48
Q

use can potentiate (increase the power) genetic vulnerability to __

A

psychosis

49
Q

cannabis use has particularly detrimental effects on ___ in adolescence

A

prefrontal cortex development

50
Q

reduced prefrontal volumes are associated with __, __, and __ deficits (executive functions)

A

decision-making, memory, and long-term planning

51
Q

the potency of cannabinoids correlates strongly with their CB1 and CB2 ___

A

receptor binding affinity

52
Q

cannabinoid receptors are expressed densely in several brain regions:

A

basal ganglia: (including the nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen, thalamus, and globus pallidus)
cerebellum: which is implicated in motor control and coordination of neural activity across the cortex

53
Q

cannabinoid receptors are expressed at lower levels in several other brain regions: (3)

A
  • hippocampus, which is implicated in memory consolidation and the preoccupation/anticipation stage of addiction
  • amygdala, which is implicated in withdrawal/negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation stages of addiction
  • cortex, which serves sensory, attentional, and executive functions and is implicated in the preoccupation/anticipation stage of addiction
54
Q

cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors are expressed throughout the brain and __ most of the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids
CB1 knockout mice (3)

A

mediate

  1. show no behavioral effects of Δ9-THC administration
  2. do not self-administer Δ9-THC, and
  3. show no withdrawal syndrome after prolonged Δ9-THC administration
55
Q

cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptors are expressed in the __ and less in the brain, but appear to exert some effects on the mesolimbic DA system

A

periphery

56
Q

Δ9-THC has acute reinforcing effects, as evidenced by in animals by (3)

A
  1. conditioned place preference
  2. IV self-administration
  3. conditioned place aversion on withdrawal
57
Q

These acute reinforcing effects are blocked by cannabinoid receptor __

A

antagonists

58
Q

___ by other drugs is not observed (e.g., substituting benzodiazepines for alcohol)

A

cross-substitution

59
Q

Both Δ9-THC and synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., WIN 55,212-2) release __ in the __:

A 
dopamine
nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell
60
Q

the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell is the site identified by Berridge and Robinson as mediating __ effects of drug use (liking)

A

pleasurable

61
Q

Δ9-THC and synthetic cannabinoids also release ___

A

endogenous opioid peptides

62
Q

chronic Δ9-THC administration produces tolerance to ___, analgesic effects, ___, and ___

A

behavioral effects
motor effects
memory effects

63
Q

tolerance to behavioral and analgesic effects begins as soon as __

A

3 days

64
Q

tolerance to memory effects takes __

A

weeks

65
Q

tolerance occurs through __ of CB1 receptor densities throughout the brain

A

down-regulation

66
Q

True or false? CB1 receptor densities return to normal after approximately one month of abstinence

A

True

67
Q

withdrawal is characterized by __

A

excessive anxiety

68
Q

as with other drugs of abuse, ___ levels rise during acute withdrawal, indicating a physiological stress response

A

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

69
Q

animal __ are not well developed for Δ9-THC

A

reinstatement models

Psychology of Addiction (7 decks)

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