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Home Inspection > Roofing > Flashcards

Roofing Flashcards

1
Q

Are we required to inspect internal gutter and downspout systems

A

No

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2
Q

Are we required to operate roof ventilators

A

No

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3
Q

Are we required to determine life expectancy of roof coverings or number of layers

A

No

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4
Q

Are we required to determine the adequacy of roof ventilation

A

No

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5
Q

Asphalt shingles should not be installed on slopes less than

A

2:12

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6
Q

Why report knob and tube wiring

A

Dangerous. Some insurance companies might not insure it

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7
Q

Recessed Iights in attic must be rated

A

IC or 3” clearance from insulation

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8
Q

What ratio is a steep slope

A

4:12

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9
Q

Slopes down to 2:12 are allowed if

A

There are double underlayments

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10
Q

Minor standing water on low slopes is permitted as long as it dries within

A

48 hours

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11
Q

Hot asphalt is also referred to as

A

Bitumen

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12
Q

Flat roof materials

A

Built up roofing, single ply membranes, roll roofing, spray polyurethane foams

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13
Q

Why could a roof be wavy and uneven

A

Too many layers (more than 2)

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14
Q

Describe asphalt shingles

A

Fibreglass/felt mat with asphalt

Granules deflect sunlight

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15
Q

What are wood shingles or shakes made of

A

Cedar or cypress

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16
Q

What number and colour of wood shingles/shakes should be used

A

1- blue label (free of sapwood and knots)

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17
Q

How much space in between wood shakes/shingles and why

A

1/4” space between to allow for expansion when wet

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18
Q

Wood shingles/shakes joints should be offset by how much and line up with every ____ course

A

Offset 1/2”

Every 4th course

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19
Q

In Wood shingles/shakes, what is required between building paper and shingles

A

1/4” thick synthetic mesh

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20
Q

Wood shingles/shakes violate fire codes. True or false

A

True in some cases. Check local codes

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21
Q

Describe built up roofs

A 
3-5 alternating layers of heavy roofing felt and hot asphalt
Modified bitumen (torched on cap membranes that fuse them to fibreglass= reinforced inter piles or base coats)
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22
Q

What is an SPF roof

A

Spray polyurethane foam

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23
Q

What to look for on spf roofs

A

Gaps around verticals elements

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24
Q

In an spf roof, how could foam shrinkage happen

A

If not properly sealed with a UV resistant coating

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25
Q

How do you know if a vent stack flashing has been installed incorrectly

A

If the base flange is sitting on top of the shingles

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26
Q

How far away from operable windows should vent stacks be and why

A

3 feet away because they vent sewer gases

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27
Q

Gas appliance vents/flues closer than ___ feet to an adjacent wall must extend at least ____ above the roof surface

A

8 feet to adjacent wall

24” above roof surface

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28
Q

What is the reason if a skylight drips and there is condensation between panels

A

Seal has failed

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29
Q

What is the issue if a skylights flashing is corroded

A

Incompatible nails

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30
Q

How high above roof decks do skylight curbs rise

A

6 inches. 8” on flat roofs

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31
Q

What are standard gutter widths

A

5” or 6” in high rain areas

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32
Q

Gutter hangers (supports) should be every ____ inches

A

32

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33
Q

Gutters should slope how much toward shutter outlet

A

1” every foot

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34
Q

How far away should downspouts discharge water from a house

A

6 feet (or into solid subsurface drainpipes)

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35
Q

Roofing materials can fail from

A

Manufacturers defects, storage before installation

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36
Q

Ratios of
Conventional roofs
Low slope
Flat

A

Conventional roofs 4:12
Low slope 2:12
Flat 0:12

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37
Q

How many layers of shingles max ideally

A

2

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38
Q

When a second layer of roofing is installed, what must be done

A

Flashing redone

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39
Q

What is a water and ice dam protection membrane

A

Extra layer of underlayment (self adhering)

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40
Q

What are underlayment requirements for roof slopes 4:12 or greater

A

Minimum single layer of underlayment applied horizontally

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41
Q

What are underlayment requirements for roof slopes between 2:12 and 4:12

A

Single layer of self adhering polymer modified bitumen underlayment or double layer of underlayment

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42
Q

Does a drip edge at the rake go over or under the underlayment

A

Over

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43
Q

Does a drip edge at the eaves go over or under the underlayment

A

Under

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44
Q

Chimneys wider than _____ need ____

A

30” need a cricket

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45
Q

What protection do shakes and shingles need underneath

A

Eaves protection

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46
Q

In attics, what do you need for every 300 square feet of attic floor

A

1 square foot of net free vent area

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47
Q 
Wood shingles 
#1=
#2=
#3=
#4=
A 
Wood shingles 
#1= blue label
#2= red label
#3= black label
#4= undercoursing
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48
Q

Describe sloped roofs

A

Not watertight

Greater than 4ft: 12ft

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49
Q

What ratios are low sloped roofs

A

Between 4ft: 12ft and 2ft: 12ft

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50
Q

Describe flat roofs

A

Watertight membranes

Less than 2ft:12ft

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51
Q

Ratios of
Sloped (steep) roofs=
Low sloped=
Flat=

A

Ratios of
Steep sloped roofs= greater than 4:12
Low sloped= between 4:12 and 2:12
Flat= less than 2:12

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52
Q

Asphalt shingles are classified by

A

Manufacturers warranty (15,20,25,30,35 year)

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53
Q

Factors for asphalt shingle wear

A

Exposure and slope

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54
Q

Which sides of an asphalt shingle roof wear out fastest

A

South and west due to sun

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55
Q

What are shingles installed in cold weather susceptible to

A

Being blown off, as the self sealing strip won’t stick until warm weather

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56
Q

Shingles can be used down to a slope of 2:12 if____

A

There is a waterproof membrane

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57
Q

Most wood shakes are what kind of wood and what are also used

A

Most are cedar. Redwood and pine are also used

58
Q

Wood shingles can be used on roofs with a slope as low as

A

3:12 but 6:12 is more recommended

59
Q

Wood shingles can vary in length between

A

16-24 inches

60
Q

Shakes may be how long

A

24 inches

61
Q

Wood shingles life expectancy

A

15-40 years

62
Q

Wood shingles and shakes can be installed over asphalt shingles. True or false

A

True but only single layer.

63
Q

Can wood shingles and shakes be installed over an existing wood layer

A

No

64
Q

How long can slate roofs last

A

200 years

65
Q

What slope is recommended for slate roofs

A

6:12

66
Q

Slate roof replacement is needed when more than how much needs repair

A

10%

67
Q

What might need to be done to a slate roof that’s not originally designed for it

A

Might need to be reinforced

68
Q

Concrete and clay tiles life expectancy

A

50-100 years

69
Q

Concrete and clay tiles may be used on a slope as low as

A

4:12

70
Q

Concrete and clay tiles can not be installed over another roofing system with what exceptions

A

Single layer of asphalt

Built up roof system

71
Q

Describe fibre cement shingles

A

Mixture of Portland cement, water and fibre
Asbestos was used up until 1970
Brittle and susceptible to mechanical damage
Often discolour and grow fungus or moss

72
Q

Can metal shingles and sheets be used on
Sloped roofs=
Flat roofs=

A

Can metal shingles and sheets be used on
Sloped roofs= Yes
Flat roofs= only sheets

73
Q

All metal roofing should be painted on a regular basis other than

A

Copper and pre coated roofs

74
Q

Why should metal roofing never be covered in tar

A

Moisture can get trapped in between tar and roof which can cause rusting

75
Q

Where are leaks commonly found in metal roofing

A

Around fasteners

76
Q

What might failed fasteners affect in metal roofing

A

Leaks and blowing off in high wind

77
Q

What is built up roofing also called

A

Tar and gravel roofs

78
Q

Describe built up roofs

A

Multi ply roofing (2-5 piles of roofing felts with a coating of asphalt)
Designed for flat (low slope)- no greater than 3:12

79
Q

What is roll roofing also known as

A

Selvage roofing

80
Q

Life expectancy of roll roofing

A

5-10 years (low quality)

81
Q

What is roll roofing sometimes used for

A

Protecting a built up roof covering

82
Q

Roll roofing can have a similar appearance to

A

Modified bitumen

83
Q

What might happen to roll roofing

A

Buckle and wrinkle as it expands and contracts with weather

84
Q

What is modified bitumen roofing an alternative to

A

Built up roofs

85
Q

How is modified bitumen roofing installed

A

Torched on
Bonded with hot asphalt
Peel and stick applications

86
Q

Most common issues with modified bitumen roofing

A

Seam failure and installation

87
Q

What is single ply membrane roofing an alternative for

A

Built up roofing

88
Q

Single ply membrane roofing is what based

A

Plastic and rubber based

89
Q

Should single ply membrane roofs be installed over asphalt

A

No. They are not compatible. They should not be installed over built up roofs

90
Q

13 Problems that affect all roofs

A
  1. Leaks
  2. Damage
  3. Blisters
  4. Loss of granular materials
  5. Flashings
  6. Poor installation
  7. Patched/previous repairs
  8. Too many layers
  9. Tree branches
  10. Manufacturing defects
  11. Contacting roof
  12. Vulnerable areas
  13. Severe weather
91
Q

What is ice damming caused by

A

When melting snow on the upper portion of the roof, warmed by the attic can not drain properly as it is trapped behind the frozen dam at the eaves

92
Q

Where is ice damming most common

A

On low slope roofs or roofs that change from high to low slope

93
Q

Where do largest ice dams tend to form

A

Unheated areas (eaves, porches, attached garages)

94
Q

When do ice dams usually occur

A

After periods of heavy snowfall when daytime temperatures are above freezing and nighttime is below freezing

95
Q

How to avoid ice damming

A

Keep air path open, continuous soffit vent, upgrade insulation

96
Q

What do you look for in warm weather for evidence of ice dams

A

Water stains at window tops

97
Q

Why might ice damming occur if the problem isn’t so much insulation

A

Heat may leak into holes in attic floor (lights, stacks, heating ducts, etc)

98
Q

When re-roofing, what should be provided to prevent ice damming

A

Eave protection (rubberized asphalt membrane)

99
Q

What kind of roofing can be used to prevent ice damming

A

Metal roofing at lower part of roof

100
Q

What electrical means can be used to prevent ice damming

A

Heating cables

101
Q

What kind of flashing can be used to prevent ice damming

A

Kick out flashing at bottom of roof against a side wall

102
Q

How much does ponding reduce life expectancy by

A

50%

103
Q

What are flashings made of

A 
Galvanized steel
Tin
Aluminum
Lead
Copper
104
Q

In valleys, can roll roofing be used

A

Yes

105
Q

Which part of a chimney flashing is the weakest

A

The high side, facing up the roof

106
Q

When a chimney is wider than 30”, what is required

A

Saddle (cricket flashing)

107
Q

When are pitch pans sometimes used

A

On flat asphalt roofs

108
Q

On most built up flat roofs, what flashing is used at perimeters

A

Gravel stop

109
Q

Pitch pans should be kept full of

A

Asphalt or pitch to avoid collecting water

110
Q

Each appliance has a separate flue, with these exceptions

A

Two gas furnaces on the same floor

Gas furnace and gas water heater on same floor

111
Q

Some flues can have masonry exposed except

A

Gas fired furnaces. They require a liner. Cooler air condenses, producing acidic water that can damage flues

112
Q

How high above penetrations should chimneys be and how much higher than anything within 10 feet of them

A

3 feet above penetrations

2 feet above anything within 10 feet of them

113
Q

How high beyond the top of the chimney should the top flue protrude

A

2-4 inches

114
Q

Chimneys over how high should be braced

A

5 feet

115
Q

Chimney caps provide protection from

A

Rain and down drafts

116
Q

What are rafters

A

Designed to support roof sheathing and transmit the roof load to bearing walls

117
Q

Describe the ridge in an attic

A

Rafters can be attached to each other where they meet at the peak of the roof or attached to a ridge board

118
Q

What are collar ties

A

Used to prevent rafters from spreading apart under load. (In conventionally framed peak roofs, they aren’t necessary. Attic floor joists prevent spreading)

119
Q

What are knee walls

A

A partition for supporting roof rafters when a span is great or for forming a side wall (as of a secondary story room) under a pitched roof

120
Q

What are trusses

A

An engineered geometric construction whose members perform the same function as rafters, collar ties, knee walls and ceiling joists

121
Q

Built up flat roof wall flashing sections should not be longer than

A

10 feet

122
Q

What is a base flashing in a built up flat roof

A

2 layers of felt mopped up the wall

123
Q

What is the cant strip

A

45 degree strip on built up flat roof

124
Q

How are cedar shingles installed

A

Doubled up at first course, 1-1/2” overhang at eaves and edges

125
Q

Clay tiles are secured by

A

Twisted wire secured to sheathing
Tile locks
Nailing
Battens (square strips)

126
Q

What can serve as counter flashing for side walls

A

Siding

127
Q

Where are leaks common on flat roofs

A

Scupper drains

128
Q

Ridge shingles should overlap ____ horizontally and _____ vertically. And nailed within ____ of edge of shingle above

A

6” horizontally
4” vertically
1” of edge

129
Q

8 Types of insulation

A
  1. Batts and blankets
  2. Rigid board
  3. Loose fill and blown in
  4. Site foamed
  5. Fibreglass
  6. Rock wool
  7. Cellulose
  8. Vermiculite
130
Q

What is rock wool insulation

A

Made from slag wool. (A by product of manufacturing steel)

131
Q

What is cellulose insulation

A

Made from old waste papers, treated with borate solution (resistant to mold and insects)

132
Q

Types of rigid board insulation

A

Polyiso- high R value. Reflective foil surface
XPS- blue or pink, smooth surface. Won’t absorb water like polyiso
EPS- think styrofoam cup

133
Q

What to look for on roof inspections

A

Coverings, penetrations, flashings, drainage

134
Q

Valley flashings are shedding or water tight

A

Shedding

135
Q

What roof membrane feels like rubber

A

EPDM

136
Q

Ponding water does what

A

Increases weight on roof

137
Q

Skylights on FLAT roofs should rest on curbs no less than how tall

A

8 inches

138
Q

Pitch pockets are not desirable why

A

Because they require regular maintenance

139
Q

Metal counter flashing that is close to the roof surface but does not have a hem may pose this issue

A

May cut the roof membrane due to expansion

140
Q

A pitch pocket would likely be used on

A

An antenna base

Home Inspection (13 decks)

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