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Second Yr Spring > Cell & Plant Biology > Flashcards

Cell & Plant Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Stolons

A

Horizontal stems along surface of soil. Asexual reproduction (strawberries)

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2
Q

Bulbs

A

Vertical underground shoots consisting of enlarged leaves to store food (onion)

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3
Q

Tubers

A

Enlarged ends of rhizomes specialized for storing food (potato tubers)

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4
Q

Rhizomes

A

Horizontal stem that grows below the surface (ginger plant)

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5
Q

Meristem (location)

A

Close to the tip of the root

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6
Q

Tissue Systems (list 3)

A

Vascular tissue, dermal tissue, ground tissue

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7
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Xylem and phloem; transport water and minerals

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8
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

Epidermis, rhizodermis, peridermis

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9
Q

Ground tissue

A

Mesophyll, bundle sheath, root cortex tissue, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

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10
Q

Parenchyma

A

Living vacuolated cells; thin cell walls; photosynthesis, storage, and transport

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11
Q

Collenchyma

A

Living vacuolated cells with irregularly thickened cell walls; mechanical support, structure, flexibility (easy bending without breakage)

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12
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Dead cells when mature; thick cell wall with structurally reinforcing ‘lignin’ (support)

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13
Q

Xylem

A

Transport water and minerals from root to shoot. 95% water lost by transpiration

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14
Q

Phloem

A

Transport sugars and amino acids from root to shoot

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15
Q

Stomata

A

Pair of guard cells to form a stomatal pore; can be opened/closed through movement of ions or changes in turgor pressure in neighboring cells

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16
Q

Macronutrients in Plants

A

N, P, K, C, H, O, Ca, Mg, S

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17
Q

Micronutrients in Plants

A

Cl, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo

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18
Q

Biotic Stress

A

Grazing animals, pathogens, other plants, humans

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19
Q

Abiotic Stress

A

Drought, waterlogging salinity, heavy metal stress, oxidative stress, air pollution, mineral nutrient stress, hot/cold/frost stress

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20
Q

Respiration

A

O2 + Creduced(sugar) -> Coxidised (CO2) + Energy (ATP)

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21
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Coxidised + Energy (light->ATP, NADPH2) -> O2 + Creduced

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22
Q

Thylakoid Membrane

A

Site of light energy absorption and conversion to chemical energy

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23
Q

Stroma

A

Site of Calvin Cycle; contains circular DNA molecule and ribosomes

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24
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Carboxylation (carbon fixation), reduction, regeneration of CO2 acceptor molecule

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25
Q

Plant affect soil (how?)

A

Break up bedrock into particles, modify pH, empty nutrient reservoir, greater the plant diversity the better the soil (plants grow deeper roots)

26
Q

Soil

A

Mixture of mineral, air, water, dead organic matter, and rock particles. Made up of horizons

27
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Plants can’t absorb N2.

They can take up N as ammonium, nitrates, organic N compounds or molecular N (carnivorous plants)

Humus —-ammonifying bacteria—-> Ammonium —-nitrifying bacteria—-> Nitrate
Nitrate —-denitrifying bacteria—-> Nitrogen gas—-> N-fixing bacteria—-> Ammonium

28
Q

Ecology

A

Study of interactions between organisms and the living and non-living components of their environment; at various scales

29
Q

Biosphere

A

Part that contains living organisms (sum of all ecosystems on Earth)

30
Q

Lithosphere

A

Solid outer part of the Earth

31
Q

Ecosphere

A

Part from sea level to 4000 metres in which it is possible to breathe without assistance

32
Q

Biomes

A

Major life zones characterized by vegetation type

33
Q

Ecosystem

A

Place where organisms interact with each other and their environment

34
Q

Community

A

All organisms that represent all the interacting species within an ecosystem

35
Q

Habitat

A

Place where a species or community lives

36
Q

Biodiversity

A

Every living organism within a single ecosystem (incl. genetic variety within each species)

37
Q

Resource

A

Anything a living system uses to survive or reproduce

38
Q

Water Cycle (steps)

A

Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and movement through surface and ground water

39
Q

Carbon Cycle (steps)

A

Diffusion, photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, decomposition, carbonification

40
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

N fixation (capture N2 from atmosphere)
Ammonification (decaying material)
Nitrification (produce nitrates absorbed by plants)
Denitrification (convert NO3 to N2 gas)

41
Q

Phosphorus Cycle

A

P doesn’t enter the atmosphere (no gas phase)
PO4 taken up by plants and regulates protein synthesis
Weathering of rocks increases P as well as fungal associations.

42
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms that can be interbred and produce fertile offspring

43
Q

Niche

A

Place/function of a given organism within its ecosystem

44
Q

Taxonomic Classification

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

45
Q

Monocots (features)

A 
1 cotyledon
Flowers in 3's
Parallel venation
Adventitious roots
Less diverse
46
Q

Dicots (features)

A 
2 cotyledons
Flowers in 4/5's
Reticulate venation
Root develops from radicle
More diverse
47
Q

Seed Dispersal (methods)

A

Wind, water, animals, autochory (ejection from the parent plant)

48
Q

Dormancy

A

Innate state of arrested growth that occurs across all life forms

49
Q

Increasing ___ will decrease _____ _____ and _____ ______

A

Increasing CO2 will decrease stomatal opening and stomatal number

50
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Precipitation, temperature, CO2 concentration, wind speed, soil nutrients, light quantity/quality

51
Q

Biotic Factors

A

Interactions between living organisms, plant-plant interactions, predation, pollination, symbioses

52
Q

True Resistance

A

To tolerate the stress at the protoplasmic level

53
Q

Diffusion

A

Typical transport over short distances in plants

54
Q

Algae Family

A

Red algae, Brown algae, Golden algae, and diatoms

55
Q

Storage root (example)

A

Sweet potato

56
Q

Turgor Pressure of Leaf

A

0.5-1.5 mPa

57
Q

Adaptation

A

Ability of plants to change in order to survive in their environment

58
Q

Roots

A

Take up water and minerals for the plant

59
Q

Carpel (components)

A

Stigma, style, ovary, ovule

60
Q

Plant Density

A

Number of individuals in a sampled area divided by the size of the area

61
Q

Soil Seed Banks

A

Reserves of dormant and non-dormant seeds in the soil or on its surface

62
Q

Ecological Plant Communities

A

All the populations of all the species present in an area

Second Yr Spring (4 decks)

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