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Electrical - Level 4 > Electronics > Flashcards

Electronics Flashcards

1
Q

What is boolean algebra?

A

boolean algebra defines logic applied to anything that has only two states

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2
Q

How can logic and computers also be accomplished?

A

organically (DNA, neurons), or optically or chemically

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3
Q

What are the 7 Boolean laws?

A
  1. Idempotent Rule (Redundancy rule)
  2. Law of complemention
  3. Demorgans Law
  4. Commutative Law
  5. Distributive Law
  6. Associative Law
  7. Laws of absorption
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4
Q

What does Idempotent mean?

A

Same power

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5
Q

What is demorgans law also referred to as?

A

Alternate logic

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6
Q

How do you demorganize or determine the alternate logic for a gate?

A
  1. Invert the Inputs
  2. Change the gate (or sign)
  3. Invert the Output
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7
Q

What are the 2 levels of logic demorgans law can be applied to?

A
  • Product of sums

- a sum of products

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8
Q

What is another way to demorganize?

A

“break the line and change the sign”

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9
Q

What is the rule for “break the line and change the sign” ?

A

you cannot break more than one line at a time but you can break one line more than once in a single step

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10
Q

What are the properties of human and machine in encoding and decoding?

A

Human :

  • # ’s, letters, symbols (punctuation)
  • video, audio

Machine :
- Binary, Octal, Hex, BCD, ASC11

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11
Q

How does encoding and decoding work?

A 
Encoding = Human to Machine
Decoding = Machine to Human
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12
Q

What are flip flops used as?

A

Memory devices

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13
Q

What is the most common gate used to make all other gates?

A

NAND (also the least power consumption)

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14
Q

If all flip flops have J and K tied high, what does this mean?

A

In toggle mode

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15
Q

What is another way of saying 16 combinations?

A

“modulus” 16 counter (MOD16)

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16
Q

What would a MOD16 counter count from?

A

0-15

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17
Q

For counting up, which output would you connect to?

A

Use Q and clear

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18
Q

For counting down, which output would you connect to?

A

use NOT Q and Preset

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19
Q

What is a Shift Register? What is an example?

A

a chain of Flip Flops used to move binary data from one location to another
Ex: calculator display is a “shift left” register

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20
Q

What is serial loading?

A

data is entered one bit at a time

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21
Q

what is data loading?

A

data is moved simultaneously with one pulse

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22
Q

what is serial out?

A

data is shifted out one bit at a time

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23
Q

what is parallel out?

A

data is shifted out all at once

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of Flip Flops? Which are synchronous and asynchronous?

A
  1. SR NOR & SR NAND - synchronous
  2. Clocked RS - asynchronous
  3. D-Type (Data FF) - asynchronous
  4. JK Flip Flop - asynchronous
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25
Q

What is an Astable Multivibrator?

A

Oscillator

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26
Q

What is a Monostable Multivibrator?

A

One-Shot

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27
Q

What is a Bistable Multivibrator?

A

Flip-Flop

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28
Q

What is another term for Flip Flop?

A

Latch

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29
Q

What is a 555 used for?

A
  • Used for multivibrators (clocks, timers, etc..)
30
Q

Which Flip Flop is most widely used?

A

J-K

31
Q

If a J-K flip flop is in toggle position, what is the relationship between the clock pulses and output pulses?

A

Q is half the frequency of the clock

32
Q

To allow normal operation of a J-K flip flop, Present and Clear must be ______?

A

High

33
Q

What makes a Flip Flop synchronous?

A

If it has a clock signal

34
Q

The clocked J-K flip flop is normally in which mode?

A

synchronous

35
Q

Preset and Clear are called _________ inputs?

A

asynchronous

36
Q

Flip Flops are wired together to form what kind of devices?

A

Counters, Registers

37
Q

Name one application of the simple RS Flip Flop

A

Switch Debouncers

38
Q

What is the essential difference in connections between an up counter and a down counter?

A

Up uses clear function

Down uses Preset function

39
Q

How do you release the clear?

A

tie high

40
Q

What do shift registers do in a simple calculator?

A

Store temporary data

41
Q

What are the two common classifications of shift registers and state their advantages and disadvantages?

A

Serial - Slower but simple and less wiring

Parallel - Faster but more wiring and more complex

42
Q

What are the 2 main types of logic gate families?

A
  1. CMOS

2. TTL

43
Q

What does CMOS stand for?

A

Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor

44
Q

What type of transistor does a CMOS use?

A

FET type transistors

45
Q

What are some characteristics of CMOS?

A
  • High efficiency with lower power consumption than TTL
46
Q

How is the higher efficiency in CMOS achieved?

A

achieved using insulated gates however, the high impedance of the gates makes them susceptible to damage (destruction) from static electricity discharge

47
Q

What precautions need to be taken when using CMOS?

A
  • Grounding wrist bands with bonding leads to ground
  • Grounded mats on work benches
  • Static rated packing
48
Q

What is the voltage supply of CMOS?

A

3 - 18V

49
Q

What does TTL stand for?

A

Transistor-Transistor Logic

50
Q

What type of transistors do TTLs use?

A

Bipolar junction transistors

51
Q

What are some characteristics of TTLs? What is their supply voltage?

A
  • More robust but not as efficient as CMOS

- 5V plus/minus .25V

52
Q

What can subfamilies provide within both families?

A
  • Faster speed
  • Lower power consumption
  • Wider operating temperature ranges
  • Military specification (5400 TTL series)
53
Q

What is the standard series for the TTL family?

A

7400

54
Q

What do the last 2 digits refer to in the series number?

A

type of gates on the integrated circuit (IC)

55
Q

What series are including in the CMOS family?

A

4000A and 4000B series

56
Q

what is integrated circuit Pin Out?

A

how the gates are connected to the pins of the IC

57
Q

what is integrated circuit Fan Out?

A

the number of gates that an output of a gate can drive

58
Q

What is the typically number of Fan Outs for each family?

A 
CMOS = 50
TTL = 10
59
Q

What must the NAND gate fan out be?

A

greater than or equal to 5

60
Q

What are some common packages for CPU’s?

A
  • Pin Grid Array (Pins are 0.1” apart)
  • LAND Grid Array (Pins are .05” apart)
    Both of these are zero insertion force sockets (clamped down)
61
Q

What are some Operational Amplifier characteristics?

A
  • Relatively low power amplifier (about .5 watts)
  • Used as building blocks for industrial purposes
    • Comparators, integrators, differentiators
  • Pre packaged opposed to discrete devices
62
Q

What is the gain, input impedance, output impedance and bandwidth dependant on in an OP Amp?

A

the external components we connect

63
Q

What are the two different inputs in an Op Amp?

A

Inverting ( - )

Non-Inverting ( + )

64
Q

the output is _______ times the difference between the inputs

A

200,000 times

65
Q

What does the comparator Output do?

A

Swings from fully on to fully off if no feedback is provided and the input voltages differ by very little (0.001V)

66
Q

Explain a specialized integrator?

A

Vout varies with how long the input has been applied

67
Q

Explain a specialized differentiator?

A

Vout varies with how quickly the input is changing

68
Q

What is meant by the term noise margin as applied to logic gates?

A

difference between valid input and output for highs and for lows

69
Q

What should be done with an unused input to an OR gate?

A

Tied low or to another input

70
Q

What should be done with an unused input to an AND gate?

A

Tied high or to another input

Electrical - Level 4 (8 decks)

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