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NUR 180 Pathophysiology > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Kidneys (3)

A
  • Maintain fluid volume
  • Filter blood
  • Reabsorption of solutes
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2
Q

Nephron

A

Smallest functional unit of the kidney

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3
Q

Erythropoietin is released in response to…

A

Hypoxia

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4
Q

Erythropoietin does what?

A

Stimulate RBC production

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5
Q

Renin does what? (2)

A
  • Decrease arterial pressure

- Increase urine sodium concentration

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6
Q

pH of urine

A

4.6-8

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7
Q

Amount of protein in urine

A

Less than 0.1g

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8
Q

Amount of glucose in urine

A

less than 0.3g

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9
Q

Normal amount of urine voided in 24 hours

A

600 to 2500mL

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10
Q

Oliguria

A

Decreased urine output

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11
Q

Anuria

A

No urine output

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12
Q

Polyuria

A

Increased urination

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13
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in urine

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14
Q

Concentration of urine is measured by?

A

Specific gravity

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15
Q

High GFR means what in regards to overall kidney health?

A

Increased GFR means good kidney function

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16
Q

Radiological studies of the kidneys (2)

A
  • Intravenous pyelogram

- Ultrasound of the kidneys or abdomen

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17
Q

Who is more likely to develop kidney stones? Men or women?

A

Men

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18
Q

Kidney Stones pain location

A

Side and back

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19
Q

Imaging studies for kidney stones (3)

A
  • Ultrasound
  • CT
  • MRI
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20
Q

Treatment for kidney stones (3)

A
  • High fluid intake
  • Decreasing dietary intake of stone-forming substances
  • Stone removal
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21
Q

UTI definition

A

Inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by bacteria

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22
Q

Uncomplicated UTI (2)

A
  • Mild

- Normal urinary tract

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23
Q

Complicated UTI

A

-Abnormality in urinary systems or health problem that compromises immunity

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24
Q

UTI’s are caused by what?

A

E.coli

25
Q

What are risk factors for UTI’s (4)

A
  • Being a female
  • Elderly people
  • People with DM
  • People with catheters
26
Q

Symptoms of UTI (6)

A
  • Pressure in the lower pelvis
  • Pain/burning with urination
  • Frequent urination
  • Cloudy urine
  • Blood in urine
  • Foul or strong urine odor
27
Q

Diagnostics for UTI (2)

A
  • Urinalysis

- Urine culture (clean catch)

28
Q

Cystitis (3)

A
  • Inflammation of the bladder
  • Low back pain
  • Treated with antibiotics
29
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A
  • Most common in women 20-30
  • Bladder fullness
  • Small urine volume
  • Chronic pelvic pain
  • Inflamed bladder wall
30
Q

Diagnostics for Interstitial cystitis (2)

A
  • Urine culture

- Cytoscopy

31
Q

Acute pyelonephritis definition

A

-Acute infection of the ureter, renal pelvis, interstitum

32
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis (2)

A
  • Persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis that leads to scarring
  • Idiopathic or associated with chronic UTI’s, vesicoureteral refulx, or kidney stones
33
Q

Symptoms of UTI’s (5)

A
  • Flank pain
  • Back pain
  • Fever
  • Mental changes
  • Confusion
34
Q

Glomerulonephritis definition

A

Inflammation of the glomerulus

35
Q

Glomerulonephritis is caused by what?

A

-Systemic diseases such as lupus or diabetes

36
Q

With glomerulonephritis the urine has what in it? (3)

A
  • RBC’s
  • Protein
  • Tea color
37
Q

Two major symptoms of glomerulonephritis

A
  • Hematuria

- Proteinuria

38
Q

Glomerulonephritis diagnostics (5)

A
  • Urinalysis
  • CBC CMP
  • Complement levels
  • CT scan of kidneys
  • Renal biopsy
39
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A
  • Protein wasting

- 3.5g or more of protein in urine per day

40
Q

Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome (3)

A
  • More common in children
  • Membranous glomerulonephritis
  • Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
41
Q

Secondary causes to nephrotic syndrome

A

Systemic diseases

42
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) definition

A

-Sudden decline in kidney function

43
Q

AKI lab findings (3)

A
  • BUN increase
  • Creatinine increase
  • GFR decrease
44
Q

What happens with the urine in AKI?

A

-Decrease in urine output

45
Q

Pre-renal AKI (4)

A
  • Most common
  • Impaired renal blood flow
  • GFR decreases
  • Occurs before or above the kidney
46
Q

Pre-renal AKI causes (7)

A
  • Hypotension
  • HTN
  • Volume depletion
  • Burns
  • Hemorrhage
  • NSAID’s
  • Osmotic diuretics
47
Q

Intra-renal AKI

A
  • Acute tubular necrosis
  • Postischemic
  • Nephrotoxic
  • Oliguria
48
Q

Intra-renal AKI causes (5)

A
  • Ischemia
  • Toxins
  • Inflammation
  • Glomerular nephritis
  • Tumors
49
Q

Post-renal AKI

A

-Urinary tract obstruction

50
Q

Post-renal AKI (4)

A
  • Prostatic hypertrophy
  • Malignancy (cervical cancer)
  • Ureter obstruction
  • Kidney stone
51
Q

AKI symptoms (6)

A
  • Decreased urine output
  • Excessive urination
  • Lower leg edema
  • Decreased sensation in hands or feet
  • Changes in mental status or mood
  • Seizures
52
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) definition

A
  • Progressive loss of renal function that affects nearly all organ systems
  • Associated with HTN, DM, glomerulonephritis
53
Q

CKD needs what?

A

Dialysis

54
Q

Anemia is due to reduced what?

A

Erythropoietin production

55
Q

CKD Symptoms

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Unintentional weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Headache
  • Increased or decreased urine output
  • Easy bruising or bleeding
56
Q

Causes of bladder cancer

A

-Smoking
-Toxin exposure
-Parasite infection
-Use of aristolochia fangchi
Artificial sweeteners

57
Q

Bladder cancer symptoms

A
  • Hematuria
  • Pelvic pain
  • Pain during urination
58
Q

Bladder cancer diagnostics (6)

A
  • Urine for cytology
  • IVP
  • Cystoscopy
  • MRI
  • CT scan
  • Bone scan

NUR 180 Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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