Cardiovascular Management Flashcards

1
Q

An electrocardiogram records an electrocardiograph. True/False?

A

False

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2
Q

Charge differences during the cardiac cycle creates a dipole which generates an electrical field that is measurable with electrodes. The measured potential difference is greatest when the lead axis is perpendicular to the direction of the dipole. True/False?

A

False

Potential difference is greatest when lead axis is parallel to direction of the dipole

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3
Q

Describe the standard limb leads, i.e. where they are aligned

A

Lead I: RA-LA
Lead II: RA-LL
Lead III: LA-LL

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4
Q

The positive electrode is the recording electrode. What does this mean?

A

The wave of depolarisation moves towards this electrode

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5
Q

What does the P wave represent? How long is it?

A

Atrial depolarisation

0.08-0.10s

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6
Q

What does the QRS complex represent? How long is it?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

Less than 0.10s

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7
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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8
Q

What does the PR interval represent? How long is it?

A

AV nodal delay

0.12-0.20s

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9
Q

What does the ST segment represent?

A

(maintained) Ventricular systole

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10
Q

What does the TP interval represent?

A

Diastole

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11
Q

What are the 3 augmented limb leads?

A

aVR, aVL and aVF

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12
Q

Why is the aVR recording inverted on an ECG?

A

The wave of depolarisation is moving away from this electrode

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13
Q

One large box (5 small squares) on an ECG represents how many seconds?

A

0.2 seconds

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14
Q

How do we calculate heart rate on a regular ECG?

A

300/no. of large boxes between R-R peaks

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15
Q

How do we calculate heart rate on an irregular ECG?

A

300/no. of QRS peaks in 6 large boxes

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16
Q

What are the main risk factors for CVD?

A
Hypertension
Smoking
Diabetes
Dyslipidaemia/obesity
Lack of physical activity
17
Q

Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with greater incidence of CVD events than hypercholesterolemia. True/False?

A

False

18
Q

HDL cholesterol tends to be low when triglycerides are high. True/False?

A

True

19
Q

Essential hypertension has a clear underlying cause. True/False?

A

False

Cause largely unknown; secondary hypertension usually has a cause