physiology 11.05

Question 1

Type of cells and their function in the stomach?

Answer 1

Parietal - HCl, Ca, Na, Mg, Intrinsic factor
Chief cells - pepsinogen. (CHIEF OF PEPSI)
Surface mucosal cells: mucus, HCO3.

Question 2

What factor stabilizes von WIllebrand factor?

Answer 2

vWF stabilizes VIII

Question 3

Which hormones secretion is reduced after surgery?

Answer 3

Insulin (NB! Hyperglycaemia)
Testosterone
Oestrogen

Question 4

Diarrhoea after ileal resection?

Answer 4

Malabsorption of bile salts. Administer cholysteramine (bile salt binding agent)!
Also beware of B12 malabsorption - macrocytic anemia!

Question 5

Treatment of hypercalciemia?

Answer 5

IV Pamidronate - first choice
IV Zoledronate - if malignancy
Prednisolone - if sarcoidosis, Vit C intoxication, myeloma
Calcitonine - quick onset, short duration

NB! QT elongation

Question 6

When does the oxygen-dissociation curve shift to the right?

Answer 6

Increased demand of oxygen by tissues = raised oxygen delivery

CADET faces RIGHT
CO2
Acidosis
2,3-DPG
Exercise
Temperature.

Question 7

Diuretics and theirs site of action?

Answer 7

Loop - ascending loop of Henle - furosemide
Distal convoluted tubule - thiazides
Cortical collecting tubule - spironalocatone

Question 8

For which substances are central chemoreceptors sensitive?

Answer 8

H+. Not O2!

Question 9

Which substance causes the decrease in insulins secretion?

Answer 9

Beta-blockers!

Question 10

Which causes increased functional residual capacity?

Answer 10

Increasing:
Emphysema
Asthma
Erect position

Decreasing:
Fibrosis
Laparoscopy
Obesity
Muscle relaxant
Abdominal swelling

Question 11

Where is calcitonin synthesized?

Answer 11

Thyroid

Question 12

Erection innervation?

Answer 12

p = parasymphatetic = points
s = sympathetic = shoots

Question 13

Mechanism of action of PTH?

Answer 13

Activation of vit D to increase absorption of calcium from small intestine
Binds to osteoBLASTS which stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and relase calcium
Reabsorb Ca and Mg from distal convoluted tubule

Question 14

Drugs causing SIADH? (water retention)

Answer 14

ABCD
Analgesics (NSAID, opioids)
Barbiturates
Cyclophosphamide, Carbamazepin. Chlorpromazine
Diuretics (thiazides)

Question 15

How long does prothrombine (factor 2) live?

Answer 15

60 hours. Hence, warfarin (2,7,9,10) should be cancelled 3 days before planned surgery

Question 16

Effects of raised ICP?

Answer 16

Cushing's triad:
Widening of pulse pressure
Bradycardia
Cheyn Stokes
\+ hypertension

Question 17

Appetite hormones?

Answer 17

Leptin decreases
Ghrelin increases

GHHHHRRR I wanna eat

Question 18

Hypokalemia on ECG?

Answer 18

U have no Pot and no T

but a long PR and long QT

Question 19

Which drugs reduce renin synthesis?

Answer 19

NSAIDS, beta-blockers

Question 20

WHat hormone stimulates synthesis of prolactine?

Answer 20

TSH

Question 21

Mean arterial pressure formula?

Answer 21

MAP = (2Diast + syst) \ 3

Question 22

Cerebral perfusion pressure?

Answer 22

CAP = MAP - ICP
MAP = (2Diast+syst)\3

Question 23

Oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right?

Answer 23

CADET face right!
CO2
Acidosis H+
2,3DPG
Exercise
Temperature

Right - rise
Left - lower

Question 24

Body fluids mnemonics?

Answer 24

60-40-20
60% of weight = water
40% of weight = intracellular
20% of weight = extracellular

Question 25

Types of respiratory failure?

Answer 25

Type 1 - 1 thing down. Low O2 (shunt, FiO2, hypoventilation)

Type 2 - 2 things affected. Low O2, high CO2. Emphysema, pump failure, deadspace)

Question 26

Secretin vs. CCK?

Answer 26

Secretin - water production and electrolytes

CCK - enzyme secretion