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G's Phase 1 > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What is serum

A

plasma sans clotting factor

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2
Q

what is haematocrit?

A

proportion of blood that is RBC

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3
Q

types of leukocytes

A 
monocytes 
lymphocytes 
basophils 
eosinophils 
neutrophils
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4
Q

types of granulocytes

A

basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils

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5
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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6
Q

What leukocyte produces histamine and is responsible for anaphylaxis

A

basophils

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7
Q

name 2 phagocytosing leukocytes

A

monocytes and neutrophils

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8
Q

do platelets have a nucleus?

A

no

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9
Q

what induces platelet production?

A

thrombopoietin

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10
Q

what cells produce platelets

A

megakaryocytes

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11
Q

what is haemostasis

A

prevention and stopping of bleeding

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12
Q

what occurs in primary haemostasis

A

formation of platelet plug

injury>adhesion>activation>aggregation

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13
Q

what is secondary haemostasis?

A

coagulation cascade

fibrin clot formation

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14
Q

what occurs at the site of intravascular endothelium damage?

A

endothelin mediated vasoconstriction at injury site to limit blood loss

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15
Q

what occurs during platelet adhesion?

A

platelet GP1B receptor binds von willebrand’s factor on exposed basement membrane collagen

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16
Q

what is platelet activation?

A

after binding to subendothelium platelets:

  • Change shape to increase surface area
  • Release alpha and electron dense granules
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17
Q

What factors are in platelet alpha granules

A

Thromboxane A2
Fibrinogen
Fibrin stabilising factor

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18
Q

what is in the electron-dense granules released by activated platelets?

A

ADP
Ca2+
Serotonin

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19
Q

What occurs during platelet aggregation phase?

A

platelets bind together using GP2b/3a receptors and fibrinogen

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20
Q

that is an autologous blood transfusion?

A

transfusion of patients own blood

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21
Q

How is cross matching performed in blood transfusion?

A

mix donor blood with patient serum and observe if there is a reaction

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22
Q

what is rhesus factor

A

blood factor eg O+ vs O-

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23
Q

what embryologic structures gives rise to the ventricles?

A

bulbus cordis

primordial ventricle

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24
Q

what does the truncus arteriosus give rise to?

A

ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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25
Q

in development what is the order of the primitive heart tube compartments

A 
truncus arteriosus 
bulbus cordis 
primitive ventricle 
primitive atrium 
sinus venosus
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26
Q

what is septation

A

formation of the heart septum and folding to look more like heart

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27
Q

when do aortic arches appear

A

weeks 4-6

28
Q

which aortic arch becomes carotid arteries

A

3

29
Q

which aortic arch becomes the pulmonary artery and which becomes the aortic arch

A

6 - pulmonary

4 - aortic arch

30
Q

how does sympathetic stimulation effect pacemaker cells

A

noradrenaline - increases Ca2+ channel opening = faster depolarization

31
Q

how does vagal stimulation of pace maker cells effect the heart

A

ACh causes hyperpolarization by activating potassium channels.
delays reaching threshold for calcium channel opening.

32
Q

which ECG lead gives the standard wave pattern

A

lead 2

right arm to left leg

33
Q

what is afterload

A

force the ventricle must overcome to pump blood - closely related to aortic pressure

34
Q

how does afterload effect stroke volume

A

indirectly proportional

high afterload = low stroke volume

35
Q

what is preload

A

ventricular wall stress at the start of systole

36
Q

how are preload and afterload related

A

increased afterload with subsequently increase preload as a high afterload will lower the proportion of blood ejected increasing the end systolic volume causing ^blood volume in the ventricles.

37
Q

how can you calculate MAP

A

1/3 pulse pressure + diastolic pressure

38
Q

how do you calculate TPR

A 
     radius^4
39
Q

how is BP controlled intrinsically

A

local constriction based on stretch of smooth muscle
local vasoconstrictor and dilator release
nervous input

40
Q

how is BP controlled extrinsically

A

hormones eg RASS, adrenaline, ADH

Carotid sinus baroreceptors

41
Q

what is the carotid sinus and carotid body

A

sinus is for pressure

body is for chemicals

42
Q

what innervates the carotid sinus

A

glossopharyngeal IX

43
Q

what are the layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous outer and serous inner
serous = parietal and visceral layers
visceral layers always on organs

44
Q

what arises from the right coronary artery

A

right marginal

posterior interventricular

45
Q

what does the posterior interventricular artery supply

A

posterior 1/3 of septum and AVN

46
Q

name the branches of the left coronary artery

A

left coronary > left anterior descending > diagonal

left coronary > circumflex > marginal

47
Q

what is the blood supply to the SAN

A

60% right coronary

40% left coronary

48
Q

what is the origin of the phrenic nerve

A

c3-5

49
Q

what are the layers of an artery

A 
out to in 
adventitia 
external elastic lamina 
media 
internal elastic lamia 
intima 
basement membrane 
endothelium
50
Q

differences between large arteries and veins?

A

arteries have a thick tunica media with 40-70 layers of elastic membranes with smooth muscle
large veins have thicker tunica intima and well developed longitudinal smooth muscle

51
Q

what vessels have valves?

A

veins
venules
lymphatic vessels

52
Q

standard right heart and pulmonary circulation pressure

A

20/8 mmHg

53
Q

cardiac output calculated by?

A

Stroke volume X Heart rate

54
Q

What effects stroke volume

A

preload
afterload
contractility
heart rate

55
Q

what units are preload and afterload measured

A

mmHg

56
Q

What is inotropy

A

force of heart contraction

57
Q

name a positive inotropic factor

A

adrenaline
thyroxine
digoxin

58
Q

name a negatively inotropic drug

A

beta blockers

59
Q

normal HR

A

60-100

60
Q

is an increase in HR proportional to an increase in CO?

A

no as diastole shortens so less preload

61
Q

what is the basis of frank starlings law

A

stretch of muscle causes stretch mediated calcium channels to open increasing contraction force

62
Q

how do pacemaker cells fire spontaneously

A
  • sodium channels that open due to hyperpolarization (neg charge)
  • voltage gated calcium t channels open at threshold
  • influx of Ca2+ causes depolarization
  • restored by K+ efflux
63
Q

What does beta 1 receptor stimulation in the heart do? what stimulates them?

A

Noradrenaline causes increase Ca2+ channel opening increasing depolarization rate

64
Q

What does muscarinic (M2) receptor stimulation in the heart do? what stimulates them?

A

ACh causes K+ channels to promote hyperpolarization, making it harder to reach threshold for depolarization

65
Q

what electrically insulates atria from ventricles

A

fibro-granular rings around AV valve

66
Q

What does atrial repolarization look like on an ECG

A

can’t see it as it is too small

G's Phase 1 (11 decks)

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