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Y3 MOD > Vector-Borne Diseases > Flashcards

Vector-Borne Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How are vector borne diseases transmitted?

A

Ticks, diptera (mosquitos, sandflies), lice and fleas

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2
Q

Name some zoonotic vector borne diseases

A 
Leishmaniosis
Borreliosis
Rickettsiosis
Anaplasmosis
Bartonellosis 
Dirofilariosis
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3
Q

Name 4 bacterial tick-borne diseases

A

Ehrlichiosis
Anaplasmosis
Rickettsiosis
Lyme borreliosis

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4
Q

Name 2 protozoal tick borne diseases

A

Babesiosis

Hepatozoonosis

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5
Q

Name a viral tick borne disease

A

Tick-borne encephalitis

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6
Q

Name the tick vector of Ehrlichiosis

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineous

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7
Q

Describe the clinical signs of ehrlichiosis in the acute phase

A
  • Vague signs: lethargy, fever, weight loss, inappetence
  • Generalised lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly
  • Neurological signs (meningeal inflammation/bleeding)
  • Thrombocytopenia and occasionally leukopenia (low platelets and WBCs)
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8
Q

Can dogs recover from acute ehrlichiosis?

A

Dogs can recover the acute phase after 2-4 weeks without treatment but remaining
sub-clinically infected (mild thrombocytopenia)

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9
Q

Describe the clinical signs of ehrlichiosis in the chronic phase

A

Range in severity (from mild to life-threatening)

  • Signs: pallor, fever, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, uveitis, retinal detachment, PUPD
  • Bleeding tendencies (thrombocytopenia/platelets dysfunction): Petechia, ecchymosis epistaxis
  • Secondary infections (viral papillomatosis), polymyositis
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10
Q

How is ehrlichiosis diagnosed based on clinical pathology changes?

A
  • Pancytopenia (especially non-regenerative anaemia and thrombocytopenia)
  • Moderate to marked lymphocytosis
  • Non specific changes in biochemistry: hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia
  • Monoclonal gammopathy
  • Proteinuria
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11
Q

What are some other methods of Ehrlichiosis diagnosis?

A
  • Cytology: Morula within the monocytes: diagnostic but low sensitivity
  • Serology (IFA/ELISA*): antibodies develop between 7-28 days (acute phase might be missed)
  • PCR: low sensitivity but can be used to confirm infections (especially acute phase)
  • Snap test
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12
Q

How is Ehrlichiosis treated and prevented?

A
  • Doxycycline

- Tick control

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13
Q

Which ticks are vectors for Anaplasmosis?

A

Ixodes ricinus

Rhipicephalus sanguineous

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of Anaplasmosis?

A

Signs not specific: fever, lethargy, inappetence, lameness, mild lymphadenomeglay, splenomegaly and neutrophilic polyarthritis
Thrombocytopenia

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15
Q

How is anaplasmosis diagnosed based on clinical pathology changes?

A

Pancytopenia (especially thrombocytopenia)
Lack of lymphocytosis (vs. Ehrlichia canis)
Non specific changes in biochemistry

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16
Q

Via what other methods can anaplasmosis be diagnosed?

A
  • Morula within neutrophils is highly suggestive
  • Serology (IFA/ELISA): Good for chronic infections (false negative if too acute) If raised by 4 times indicative of infection.
  • PCR: good sensitivity, it can be done on whole blood, confirm active infections
  • Snap tests
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17
Q

How is anaplasmosis treated and prevented?

A

Doxycycline

Tick control

18
Q

Name the tick vector for Rickettsiosis

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

19
Q

What are the clinical signs of Rickettsiosis?

A

Fever, peripheral oedema, erythema, stiff gait, lameness, lymphadenomeglay
anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia

20
Q

How is Rickettsiosis diagnosed?

A

Serology: Positive titres

PCR

21
Q

How is Rickettsiosis treated and prevented?

A

Doxycycline

Tick control

22
Q

Name the tick vector of Lyme borreliosis

A

Ixodes ricinus

23
Q

What are the clinical signs of Lyme borreliosis?

A

Lyme arthritis: oligo-polyarthritis with painful, swollen joints, joint effusion, fever
Lyme nephritis: development of PLN associated with immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
PUPD - late signs

24
Q

How is Lyme borreliosis diagnosed?

A
  • Cytology: Presence of morulas in joint effusion indicative of infection
  • Different serological tests available with different pro/cons:
    4dx: does not react with vaccine, use off-label for cats
    Lyme C6 Quant: quantitative test: can be used to monitor response to treatment
25
Q

How is lyme borreliosis treated and controlled?

A

Doxycycline and tick control

26
Q

What is the tick vector of Babesia canis?

A

Dermacentor reticularis

27
Q

What is the tick vector of Babesia vogeli?

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of Babesiosis?

A

Fever, haemolytic anaemia, splenomegaly, anorexia, lethargy

29
Q

Describe the clinical pathology changes due to Babesiosis

A
  • Anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Variable changes in leukocytes
  • Usually regenerative anaemia
  • Hyperglobulinemia, hyperbilirubinemia (in acute phases)
30
Q

How is Babesiosis diagnosed?

A
  • Cytology
  • Antibodies (IFA): Cross reactivity requiring PCR to identify specie. False negative (acute)
  • PCR: allow diagnosis of active infection: still possible false negative
31
Q

How is Babesiosis treated and prevented?

A

Imidocarb
Clindamycin
Doxycycline
Tick control

32
Q

Amblyomma maculatum is the tick vector of which disease?

A

Hepatozoonosis

33
Q

What are the clinical signs of hepatozoonosis?

A

H americanim: severe inflammatory response caused by rupture of the neutrophils by meront
Fever, myositis, neck pain, lameness: signs similar to meningitis/discospondilitis.
May develop bone lesions (similar to hypertrophic osteopathy)
Also ocular pyogranulomatous ocular discharge (early sign)

34
Q

How is hepatozoonosis diagnosed?

A
  • Cytology
  • Serology
  • PCR
35
Q

Describe the clinical pathology changes associated with Hepatozoonosis infection

A

extreme leucocytosis (mature neutrophilia), anaemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia

36
Q

Name two flea borne diseases

A

Bartonellosis

Yersinia pestis

37
Q

Name the genus and spp of fleas

A

Ctenocephalides felis

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bartonellosis in dogs?

A

Endocarditis
Signs: fever (also afebrile), lethargy, lymphoadenomegaly
Complications: thromboembolic disease, neutrophilic polyarthritis, heart failure
Signs: lameness, epistaxis, cough

39
Q

Bartonellosis causes which disease is humans?

A

Main cause of cat scratch disease in human = faeces main source of infection

40
Q

How is Bartonellosis diagnosed?

A

Culture (blood or tissue): low sens in dogs (low bactereia)
PCR: low sensitivity (as culture) but can distinguish species
Serology

41
Q

How is Bartonellosis treated?

A

High dose of doxycycline +/- rifampin
Azithromycin;
Fluoroquinolones +/- amoxicillin
Flea control

Y3 MOD (23 decks)

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