Exam 1: Lecture 3

Question 1

Human cells vs Bacteria Cells

Answer 1

10 T vs 100 T
10% human, 90% bacteria

21,000 human genes, 4.4 mil bacteria genes

Question 2

Complexity….

Answer 2

Genes + Proteins = complexity

Complexity increases with microbes

Question 3

How many microbiomes does the body have

Answer 3

6

Question 4

The 6 microbiomes of the body and %

Answer 4

Eye = ~ 1.6%
Nose = ~10%
Mouth = ~6.5%
Gut = ~ 32.3%
Skin = ~29%
Genital tract = ~20%

Question 5

If bacteria is located anywhere outside of the 6 microbiomes of the body then….

Answer 5

issues can come up

Question 6

Over lifetime, you will host how many bugs/bacteria?

Answer 6

5 African elephants weight worth

Question 7

Microbes inside of us die when exposed to oxygen, why?

Answer 7

Adapted to an oxygen free existence deep in our guts

Question 8

Benefits of our normal flora?

Answer 8

1. produce vitamins we cant
2. make good for us
3. strengthen our immune system
4. Fight off disease-causing organisms

essential for keeping us healthy and happy

Question 9

When does baby get exposed to microbes?

Answer 9

1. Womb is filled with microbes that are passed to developing baby
2. Get more exposure to microbes during birth on way out & breastfeeding

Question 10

How long has human microbiome existed?

Answer 10

Millenia

Found in stomach of ice mummy (Oetzi the Iceman)

Question 11

What is the Caecum

Answer 11

intraperitoneal pouch, considered to be beginning of the large intestine

Appendix connected to it

Question 12

Caecum is considered the ______ of the human bodies microbial community

Answer 12

Heart

Partially digested food will be attempted to be broken down further by microbes here

over 4,000 species of microbes

Question 13

Appendix info

Answer 13

1. packed full of specialized immune cells and molecules
2. Acts as safe house for its microbial inhabitants
3. gut can be repopulated with its normal inhabitations which are lurking in the appendix

Question 14

Appendix protects us from

Answer 14

1. recurring GI infections
2. immune dysfunctions
3. blod cancer
4. some autoimmune diseases
5. Heart attacks

Question 15

What is Biofilm?

Answer 15

aggregates of bacteria embedded in a matrix produced by them interspersed by water channels

Question 16

What about biofilms makes drugs absorption hard?

Answer 16

drug penetration can be hard since the drug is only able to pass through a portion of the layers and possibly not get to the bottom

only a portion of the bacteria will be killed

Question 17

What is Quorum Sensing

Answer 17

1. microbes can communicate with each other by chemical language
2. microbes interact with each other by signals and respond to the signals using chemical language
3. coordinates gene expression

Question 18

Quorum Sensing signals are….

Answer 18

called auto inducers

all auto inducers are chemical language signals to one another

Question 19

Studies show that C-sections babies may have elevated risk for…..

Answer 19

developing immune and metabolic disorders…

these include, T1DM, allergies, asthma and obesity

these babies were not exposed to vagina fluid that had microbiomes that more closely resembled the bacterial DAN of human skin

Question 20

Vaginal microbial transfer

Answer 20

novel procedure

mothers vaginal fluids are collected before surgery and swabbed all after the infant a minute or two after birth

Question 21

“Newley discovers organ”

Answer 21

The microbiome

Hasn’t been officially recognized as 8th major organ

since late 1990s, more people have understood its potential to have a huge impact on human health