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immune Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is an antigen?

A

-antigens are cell surface molecules that stimulate an immune response.the immune system recognises as ‘self’ or ‘non-self’ whichs enables identification of cells from other organisims.

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2
Q

Give two differences between specific and non specific immune response?

A
  • Nonspecific: inflammation and phagocytosis, same for all pathogens
  • Specific: B and T lymphocytes, complementary pathogen
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3
Q

2 types of specific immune responses

A
  • cell mediated

- humoral

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4
Q

Explain the role of antigen presenting cells?

A
  • Macrophages display antigens from pathogens on its cell surface.(after hydrolysis in phagocytosis)
  • Enhances recognition by T helper cells which cannot directly interface (connect) with pathogens.
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5
Q

how do antibodies lead to the destruction of a pathogen?

A

-formation of antigen antibody complex results in agglutination which enhances phagocytosis

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6
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies?

A

monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced from a single clone of B cells

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7
Q

what is an antibody

A

antibodies are proteins secreted by plasma cells, they are protein molecules that can identify and neutralise antigens.

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8
Q

what are memory cells?

A

memory cells are specialised T helper cells and B cells which are produced by the primary immune response. and can also divide rapidly by mitosis if encounters the same pathogens.

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9
Q

what are some natural barriers that reduce the risk of infection

A
  • skin
  • mucous membrane
  • tear ducts
  • stomach acid
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10
Q

how does inflammation work in a non specific immune response?

A

histamine is released by damaged white tissue which causes vasodilation which increases the flow of blood to the infected area and increases permeablity of blood vessel. as a result antibodies, white blood cells and plasma leak out into the infected tissue and destroy the pathogen.

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11
Q

how do ciliated mucous membranes that trap microbes in inhaled air?

A

Hairlike structures called cilia line the mucous membrane and move the particles trapped in the mucus out of the nose. Inhaled air is moistened, warmed, and cleansed by the tissue that lines the nasal cavity

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12
Q

Where are lysozymes found?

A

• lysozyme in tears, saliva and stomach acid that kills bacteria.

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13
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

HIV can be transmitted by bodily fluids such as semen or vaginal secretion

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14
Q

How can HIV affect body systems?

A

It weakens the immune system by damaging cells called CD4 T cells

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15
Q

How is HPV transmitted?

A

HPV is transmitted by vaginal anal or oral sex

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16
Q

How is chlamydia transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

17
Q

What type of pathogen is HIV and HPV

A

Virus

18
Q

How can chlamydia affect body systems

A

Infertility ,reactive arthritis and pelvic inflammatory disease

19
Q

How can TB be transmitted?

A

Tb can to be transmitted by coughing sneezing spitting and also indirectly – airborne disease

20
Q

How can TB effective bodily systems

A

Weight loss and night sweats

21
Q

What type of pathogen is TB and chlamydia

A

Bacteria

22
Q

What type of pathogen is toxoplasmosis

A

ProtoZoan

23
Q

How can toxoplasmosis be transmitted

A

Eating undercooked contaminated meat and it can also be transmitted by mother to child during pregnancy

24
Q

What type of pathogen is tapeworms

A

Worms

25
Q

How is tapeworms transmitted

A

In digesting food or water contaminated with tapeworms

26
Q

How does tapeworms affect body systems

A

It blocks the intestine or small ducts in the intestine

27
Q

What type of pathogen is athletes foot

A

Fungal

28
Q

How can athletes foot be transmitted

A

It’s gonna be transmitted by contact with infected skin scales or contact with fungal in damp areas

29
Q

What are the two types of T cells

A

T helper cells and t killer cells

30
Q

How can athletes foot affect body systems

A

It can cause itchiness and burning rashes ,your skin may become scaly and cracked or develop blisters

31
Q

Where are T cells produced and where are they matured

A

They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus

32
Q

What is the role of the T-helper cell

A

The T-helper cells assists other white blood cells with an immune response. For example it releases cytokines production of the memory cells and activation of killer T cells which kill Viruses.

33
Q

What are the two types of B cells

A

Plasma cells and memory cells

34
Q

What do plasma cells produce

A

Antibodies

35
Q

How does the primary immune response work

A

The primary immune response takes longer and fewer antibodies are produced

36
Q

How does the secondary immune response work

A

The secondary immune response – if the same microbe is encountered again memory cells recognise them quickly and a large number of antibodies are produced in a short time

37
Q

Describe how giving the vaccine leads to production of antibodies against HPV

A

1-The vaccine contains HPV antigens
2-The antigen is displayed on a phagocyte= Antigen presenting cell
3-a specific t helper with those bind to the antigen and activate – stimulate a Specific B cell
4-B cells rapidly divide by mitosis to form clones for plasma cells
5-plasma cells produce antibodies

38
Q

How does the humoral immune response work

A

1-B lymphocytes have receptors for the detection of specific antigen
2-activation stimulates production of plasma cells and memory cells
3-memory cells remain in the circulation ready to divide if the same antigen is in encounted again
4-this enhances phagocytosis

39
Q

How does the cell mediated response work

A

1-Detection of a specific antigen causes production of T lymphocytes
2-there are two types of T cells T killer cells and T-helper cells
3-cell mediated defences include the activation of phagocyte antigen-specific killer and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
4-activation of the cells involve the release of various chemicals called cytokines in response to an antigen

medical science (8 decks)

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