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402- Paediatrics > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Types of VSDs

A

Perimembranous
- next to tricuspid valve

Muscular/ Trabecular
- Surrounded by muscle

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2
Q

Risk factors for VSD

A

Down’s syndrome

Turner syndrome

Foetal alcohol syndrome

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2
Q

Mumur in VSD

A

Pansystolic murmur
- Loudest in tricupid region

Systolic thrill

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3
Q

An _______ murmur can be heard in large VSDs due to an increased flow over mitral valve

A

Apical mid-diastolic murmur

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4
Q

ECG findings in VSD

A

In large VSD

- Biventricular hypertrophy

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5
Q

Management of small VSDs (<3mm)

A

Monitoring

  • Echo
  • ECG
  • Auscultation

Preventing endocarditis

  • Dentition
  • Avoiding needles.
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6
Q

Large VSDs management

A

Surgery from 3-6 months
- Transvenous catheter closure

Heart failure

  • Diuretics
  • Captopril
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7
Q

_______ is a type of ASD involving deficiency of the foramen ovale and surrounding septum

A

Secundum

- Most common ASD

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8
Q

________ is a type of ASD involving deficiency in the AV septum

A

Atrial ventricular septal defect/ Primum

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9
Q

Presentation of ASDs

A

Recurrent chest infections/ wheeze

Murmurs

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10
Q

Murmurs in ASD

A

Ejection systolic
- left upper sternal edge (pulmonary)

Fixed, widely split S2

Apical pansystolic mumur
- AVSD (AV regurgitation)

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11
Q

Chest X-ray findings of ASD

A

Cardiomegaly

Pulmonary artery hypertrophy

Increased pulmonary vascular markings

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12
Q

ECG findings for ASDs

A

Secundum

  • Right axis deviation- due to RV enlargement
  • pRBBB

Partial AVSD
- Superior axis= negative deflection in aVF

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13
Q

Management of ASD

A

Secundum
- Occlusion devise

Partial AVSD
- Surgery

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14
Q

Ductus arteriosis is expected to close up ______ after birth

A

1 months

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15
Q

Eisenmenger syndrome

A

Right to left shunt that occurs due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance
- Decompensation after left-to-right shunt

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16
Q

A ________ pulse can be seen in a patent ductus arteriosus due to an increased _______

A

Collapsing/ bounding pulse

Increase pulse pressure

17
Q

Murmur in PDA

A

Crescendo-decrescendo murmur in S2

- Upper left sternal edge

18
Q

What investigation provides definite diagnosis for PDA

A

Echocardiogram

19
Q

What investigation provides definite diagnosis for PDA

A

Echocardiogram

20
Q

Indications of surgical closure of PDA

A

Age > 1

Symptomatic

Heart failure

20
Q

Indications of surgical closure of PDA

A

Age > 1

Symptomatic

Heart failure

21
Q

7 S’s of innocent mumurs

A 
Soft
Symptomless
Systolic
Short
Situation dependent (quieter when standing)
Normal S1 and S2

Normal special tests

22
Q

Risk factors for innocent murmurs

A

Febrile illness

Anaemia

23
Q

A mitral regurgitation murmur is heard in the _____ area and is a _______ murmur

A

Mitral area (5th IC space, mid-clavicular)

Pan systolic murmur

24
Q

A tricuspid regurgitation murmur is heard in the _____ area and is a _______ murmur

A

Lower left sternal edge (5th IC, sternal border)

Pansystolic murmur

25
Q

An aortic stenosis murmur is heard in the _____ area and is a _______ murmur

A

2nd IC space, right sternal border

Ejection systolic

26
Q

A pulmonary stenosis murmur is heard in the _____ area and is a _______ murmur

A

2nd IC space, left sternal edge

Ejection systolic

27
Q

A hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathic murmur is heard in the _____ area and is a _______ murmur

A

4th IC space, left sternal edge

Ejection systolic mumur

28
Q

Causes of cyanotic heart disease

A

Right to left shunts

  • Transposition of great arteries (always cyanotic)
  • Severe VSD and ASD
  • PDA
29
Q

Causes of cyanotic heart disease

A

Right to left shunts

  • Transposition of great arteries (always cyanotic)
  • Severe VSD and ASD
  • PDA
30
Q

________ and ______ are compensatory mechanism for the transposition of the great arteries

A

Patent PDA

VSD/ ASD

  • Oxygenated blood to be shunted back into systemic circulation
31
Q

Management of transposition of the great arteries

A

Prostaglandin infusion
- Keeps PDA potent

Balloon septostomy
- Catheter in foramen ovale = creates a large ASD

Definite treatment
- Arterial switch

32
Q

Coarctation of the aorta is associated with _______

A

Turner syndrome

33
Q

Presentation of coarctation of aorta

A

Tachypnoea
Poor feeding/ weight gain
Grey/floppy

  • Weak femoral pulses
  • Underdeveloped left arm
  • Underdeveloped legs

Left ventricular heave

34
Q

Murmur heard in coarctation of the aorta

A

Systolic murmur in the left infraclavicular area

35
Q

Management of coarctation of aorta

A

Prostaglandins
- PDA open

Surgical correction of coarctation

36
Q

Aortic stenosis presents with a _______ pulse and _______ pulse pressure

A

Slow rising pulse

Narrow pulse pressure

37
Q

Blood findings of a congential cyanotic heart disease

A

Significant hypoxia

Metabolic acidosis (due to hypoxia)

38
Q

Investigations for congenital heart disease

A

Bloods
- VBG: oxygen, acid-base status

ECG

Echo

Chest Xray (heart size)

402- Paediatrics (15 decks)

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