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Principles of Animal Physiology > O > Flashcards

O Flashcards

1
Q

Obliquely Striated Muscle

A

A muscle where striations run obliquely to the axis of shortening.

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2
Q

Odorant

A

Molecules that can be detected by the sense of smell.

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3
Q

Odorant-Binding Protein

A

Proteins found in the mucus of the nasal epithelium that bind to odorants and transfer them to odorant receptors.

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4
Q

Odorant Receptor Protein

A

A G protein–coupled receptor involved in the detection of odorants and thus the sense of smell.

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5
Q

Olfaction

A

Detection of environmental chemicals from outside the body: the sense of smell.

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6
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

A part of the vertebrate forebrain that is involved in processing olfactory sensations.

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7
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

A vertebrate glial cell that forms the myelin sheath of a neuron in the central nervous system.

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8
Q

Ommatidium

plural: ommatidia

A

The functional unit of the arthropod compound eye.

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9
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

The osmotic pressure of blood that is due to the concentration of large macromolecules, primarily protein.

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10
Q

Oocyte

A

One of the intermediate stages in the process of producing an ovum during meiosis.

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11
Q

Oogenesis

A

The production of an ovum.

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12
Q

Oogonia

singular: oogonium

A

After the primordial germ cell enters the ovary, it differentiates into an oogonium, which undergoes multiple rounds of mitosis before entering meiosis.

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13
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

A circulatory system in which the blood passes through one or more unbounded spaces called sinuses.

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14
Q

Operculum

A

The stiffened flaplike cover of the gills of bony fishes.

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15
Q

Opsin

A

A family of G proteins that is involved in visual phototransduction.

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16
Q

Opsonins

A

Proteins that bind to pathogens, enabling them to be better recognized by
immune cells.

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17
Q

Opsonization

A

The addition of opsonins to pathogens.

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18
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Area in the vertebrate brain where the optic nerves cross.

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19
Q

Optic Lobe

A

Either of the two lobes of the vertebrate midbrain that are involved in visual processing; also, in arthropods the regions of the brain involved in processing signals from the compound eyes.

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20
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Located in the cochlea of the inner ear; contains the hair cells that are involved in the sense of hearing.

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21
Q

Ornithine-Urea Cycle

A

A pathway by which urea is produced from nitrogen arising from ammonia or glutamine.

22
Q

Orphan Receptors

A

Receptors whose ligand and function is not known; identified based on structural similarity to known receptors.

23
Q

Orthologs

A

Genes in different species that are related by direct descent as a result of a speciation event.

24
Q

Osmoconformer

A

An animal that exhibits an internal osmolarity that parallels that of the external environment.

25
Q

Osmolarity (OsM)

A

Analogous to molarity, it is the concentration of osmolytes in a solution (osmoles per liter).

26
Q

Osmole

A

One mole of osmotically active solutes.

27
Q

Osmolyte

A

An osmotically active solute; any solute that has a significant effect on osmotic pressure.

28
Q

Osmoregulator

A

An animal that exhibits an internal osmolarity that is controlled independently of the osmolarity of the external environment.

29
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across a membrane from an area with a high activity of water to an area with low activity of water.

30
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

A force arising due to the tendency of water to move by osmosis.

31
Q

Osteoblast

A

A bone precursor cell.

32
Q

Osteoclast

A

A type of cell that dissolves and reabsorbs bone.

33
Q

Ostia

singular: ostium

A

An anatomical term for a small opening.

34
Q

Otolith

A

A small mineralized granule (usually calcium carbonate) in the inner ear of vertebrates. Involved in the sense of balance.

35
Q

Outer Ear

A

External portion of the vertebrate ear (consisting of the pinna and auditory canal in mammals).

36
Q

Outer Hair Cells

A

One of two types of hair cells found in the organ of Corti in the inner ear of mammals; involved in amplifying sound and protecting the inner hair cells from loud sounds.

37
Q

Oval

A

A structure that is used in gas reabsorption from the swim bladder of a fish back into the blood.

38
Q

Oval Window

A

Membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear of vertebrates. Vibrates to transmit sound to the inner ear.

39
Q

Oviparous

A

An animal that produces eggs that hatch outside the body.

40
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

An animal that holds its eggs inside the body until the eggs hatch, and then releases active young.

41
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of an ovum following the rupture of a follicle.

42
Q

Ovum

A

The larger of the two gametes of a sexually reproducing species. Although an ovum is often defined as the gamete produced by a female, in reality this definition is backward: an individual is a female if it has gonads that can produce an ovum.

43
Q

Oxidant

A

A molecule that accepts an electron from another molecule (the reductant). In doing so, the oxidant becomes reduced.

44
Q

Oxidation

A

A chemical reaction whereby a molecule donates an electron to another molecule, becoming oxidized.

45
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS)

A

The process by which mitochondria produce ATP from the oxidation of reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH2). The electron transport chain expels protons from the mitochondria to produce a proton motive force, which is then used by the F_1F_0 ATPase to produce ATP.

46
Q

Oxyconformer

A

An animal that exhibits a respiratory rate that declines when oxygen pressure declines.

47
Q

Oxygen Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be carried by blood. Includes both dissolved oxygen and oxygen bound to respiratory pigments.

48
Q

Oxygen- and Capacity-Limitation of Thermal Tolerance

A

The hypothesis that an organism’s thermal tolerance is limited by its ability to supply and utilize oxygen at extreme temperatures.

49
Q

Oxygen Equilibrium Curve

A

A curve showing the relationship between PO2 and the oxygen saturation of blood containing a respiratory pigment.

50
Q

Oxyregulator

A

An animal that exhibits a constant respiratory rate despite a decline in oxygen pressure.

51
Q

Oxytocin

A

A peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary; induces the contraction of smooth muscle during parturition.

Principles of Animal Physiology (98 decks)

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