Ch 02 - History of Motivation

Question 1

Aristotle’s Theory of Motivation included 4 causes (EFFM):

(1) Efficient - __ behavior; includes __ & __
(2) Final - the __ of the behavior
(3) Formal - incorporation of motivation into __ of behavior such as evolutionary theory (i.e., those things that enhance __ of the species).
(4) Material - __ of the motivation (i.e. the brain)

Answer 1

triggers; motives (internal); incentives (external)

goal

theories; survival

substance

Question 2

An example of Aristotle’s Theory of Motivation:
Seeing candy triggers eating because it provides nourishment (glucose) which enhances chances of survival of the brain (which anticipates the pleasure of sweetness).

Identify which part of the example is the efficient, final, formal, and material causes for motivation.

Answer 2

Efficient - seeing candy (incentive that triggers behavior)

Final - nourishment / glucose (obtaining this is the goal)

Formal - enhances chances of survival

Material - anticipation in the brain

Question 3

Ancient Greeks used the term __ to describe the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain; but they meant it in the context of the __ __.

Today, __ is used to describe the __ pleasures we experience with such things as food, drink, and sex.

Answer 3

hedonism; greater good.

hedonism; sensory

Question 4

__ posited that a person should follow a course in which pleasure exceeds pain; and that the only reason not to is that you don’t fully __ the pleasure or pain that can result from that behavior.

We now know it is __ possible for someone to understand the pain that will result after the pleasure (e.g. a hangover), but not understand on a __ level (e.g., impaired judgment after a few drinks leads to more drinking which causes the hangover).

Answer 4

Socrates; understand

intellectually; visceral

Question 5

__ posited that things are __ if we engage in them and __ if we avoid them.

We know now that this isn’t always true: we may do things which are painful, like working out, because of a __ to maintain fitness; or we may do something unpleasant, like chores, if we have an __.

Answer 5

Democritus; pleasurable; painful

goal; obligation

Question 6

T or F: Aristotle’s, Socrates’, and Democritus’ theories boiled down to “Eat, drink, and be merry!”.

Answer 6

False; they preached moderation

Question 7

The ideal result is brought by __.

Answer 7

moderation

Question 8

This type of motivation states that positive incentives are approached for the pleasurable feelings they produce; negative incentives are avoided because they produce unpleasant feelings.

Answer 8

Incentive motivation

Question 9

__ are in the future, so desire of an __ (or for the greater __) must outweigh the desire for immediate __.

For example, watching YouTube (immediate __) vs. studying to pass this class (which is the __ / for the greater __).

Answer 9

Incentives; incentive; good; pleasure

pleasure; incentive; good

Question 10

The Principle of __ states that actions are determined by whether they increase or decrease happiness. An object has __ if it benefits us or helps us avoid pain.

An example of an object that has __ is money; however, its __ is based on the __ - it’s useless if you stuck on an island.

Answer 10

Utility

utility

utility; utility; environment

Question 11

This philosophy proposed by Thorndike states that observable consequences guide behavior.

Answer 11

Law of effect.

Question 12

Thorndike’s Law of __ is similar to Watson’s behaviorism, except that Thorndike’s law is based on personal satisfaction (or __ states of being) while behaviorism focuses on actual consequences (__).

Answer 12

Effect; internal; external

Question 13

Thorndike emphasized __ __ (similar to hedonism) in his proposed Law of effect; whereas today the Law of Effect is objective and based on __, observable events.

For example: Thorndike emphasized the “__” a cat felt escaping the box, but today psychologists emphasize __ (which increase behavior) and __ (which decrease behavior).

Answer 13

internal satisfaction; external

“pleasure”; rewards; punishers

Question 14

__ are internal stimuli that produce a specific pattern of behavior (“__ action patterns”) in a species. __ have survival value and are not influenced by __. An example includes the “__” reflex in newborns - stroking their cheek will provoke them to move their mouth towards the stimulus.

Answer 14

Instincts; “fixed”

Instincts; learning

“rooting”

Question 15

What three things are studied in evolutionary psychology?

What do they attempt to explain?

Answer 15

genetics, human nature, and instincts

explain current behavior in terms of our evolutionary past.

Question 16

Name two internal sources of motivation.

Answer 16

Drive and psychological needs.

Question 17

Internal sources of motivation:

__ is an internal stimulus that is the __ inducement for a behavior; and it remains even after the instigating stimulus has been __.

__ needs are inherent characteristics that cease after the goal is obtained. There are two subcategories of __ needs: Primary or __ needs (physiological needs that produce bodily satisfaction such as food does with hunger); and secondary or __ needs (mental or emotional satisfaction derived for meeting primary needs).

Answer 17

Drive; initial; removed

Psychological;
psychological; viscerogenic; psychogenic

Question 18

This psychological need produces bodily satisfaction.

Answer 18

Primary or viscerogenic.

Question 19

This psychological need provides mental or emotional satisfaction after primary needs are met.

Answer 19

Secondary or psychogenic.

Question 20

Murray’s __ __ Test evaluates 22 needs. Each need is evaluated by rating a statement on a scale from __ three to __ three with no __ in-between. __ ratings mean the need exists; __ ratings mean the need does not exist.

Answer 20

Psychological Insight

negative; positive; zero

positive; negative

Question 21

Lewin’s term for the motivational factors in a person’s life space that motivate the person from one object or activity to another.

Answer 21

Force

Question 22

Lewin’s term for a person’s current internal and external environment of which the person is aware.

Answer 22

Life space

Question 23

In Lewin’s field theory, this term represents positive and negative features of an incentive (positive attracts, negative repels individuals from the incentive).

Answer 23

valence

Question 24

Lewin’s term for the ability of goals, incentives, and needs in a person’s life space to be able to motivate the person’s behavior.

Answer 24

Psychological force

Question 25

Lewin’s term for unfulfilled physiological need or psychological need; a deficit in a person’s internal environment.

Answer 25

tension.

Question 26

According to Lewin’s __ theory, human action takes place within a person’s __ __, which is the person’s current __ and __ environment.

Answer 26

field; life space; internal; external

Question 27

Lewin’s field theory described psychological forces using the following formula:
Psychological forces = [Valence of goal properties (*/+) Tension in a person] ÷ physiological distance

Where psychological forces __ a person towards/away from objects; valence is either __ or __ (and attract or repel, respectively); tension is the __ in the internal environment (unfulfilled __); and psychological distance is measured either in __ (incentive delay) or physical __ (environment).

Answer 27

move

positive; negative

deficit; intention

time; space

Question 28

Provide the formula used to describe Lewin’s field theory.

Answer 28

psychological force = valence of goal (+ or *) tension in a person /
psychological distance

Question 29

Emotion is currently defined as involving what four things? [SPIF]

Answer 29

1. subjective feelings
2. physiological arousal
3. impulses
4. facial expressions

Question 30

This term is used to describe the tendency of an emotion to serve as impulse for a specific action.

Provide a real-world example using an employer.

Answer 30

action readiness

You want to request a day off on short notice, so you approach your boss when she’s in a good mood / you don’t approach her after she’s received bad news.

Question 31

Perception of __ changes is perceived as an emotion.

Provide an example using an attractive coworker.

Answer 31

physiological

When you’re attracted to someone (feel “chemistry”), physiological changes (sweat, increased heart rate) occur when they are near.

Question 32

Emotion:
This hypothesis states that one can alter the intensity of an emotion by altering their __ expression which provides __ to the brain about the intensity of an emotion.

Answer 32

Facial Feedback

facial; feedback