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Higher Biology Unit 2 > 2.2 Cell Respiration > Flashcards

2.2 Cell Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘Respiration’?

A

A series of enzyme-controlled reactions that releases energy from glucose to synthesise ATP molecules.

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2
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water

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3
Q

What is the preferred respiratory substrate?

A

Glucose

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4
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate

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5
Q

What are the two main roles of ATP?

A
  1. Act as energy transfer molecules

2. Carry out phosphorylation of molecules

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6
Q

What is ‘Phosphorylation’

A

Addition of an inorganic phosphate molecule

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7
Q

What is the role of coenzymes NAD in respiration?

A

Collect hydrogen ions and high energy electrons and deliver them to the electron transfer chain of aerobic respiration

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8
Q

What is the role of dehydrogenase enzymes?

A

1 - Remove hydrogen ions and high energy electrons during breakdown of glucose
2 - Pass them to coenzymes

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9
Q

What is the first stage of respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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10
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

What are the two stages known as in glycolysis?

A

Energy investment and Energy Payoff

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12
Q

What is meant by ‘Net gain of 2 ATP in Glycolysis’

A
  • Invest 2 ATP
  • Releases 4 ATP
    Gain two more ATP than put in
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13
Q

What happens in animals after glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?

A

Pyruvate is converted into Lactic Acid

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14
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

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15
Q

Is the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible

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16
Q

What is pyruvate converted into in the absence of oxygen in yeast cells?

A

Ethanol and CO2

17
Q

What is energy from the breakdown of ATP used for?

A

Muscle Contraction
Repair of Cells
Transport

18
Q

What is the second stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

19
Q

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle Occur?

A

Matrix of Mitochondria

20
Q

What does the citric acid cycle result in?

A
  • Generation of ATP
  • Release of CO2
  • Regeneration of Oxaloacetate
21
Q

What happens to pyruvate before it becomes part of the cycle?

A

Converted into Acetyl Group, and then combines with coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA

22
Q

What is released in the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA?

A

CO2

NADH

23
Q

What does Acetyl CoA combine with to form citric acid?

A

Oxaloacetate

24
Q

At what two stages in the citric acid cycle is CO2 released?

A

During conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl Group and during the conversion of Citric Acid to Oxaloacetate

25
Q

What is the key product from stage 1 and 2 that is transported to stage 3?

A

NADH

26
Q

What do dehydrogenase enzymes pass to coenzymes NAD?

A

High energy electrons

Hydrogen Ions

27
Q

What is the final stage in aerobic respiration?

A

Electron Transport Chain

28
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Inner membrane folds of the mitochondria (Cristae)

29
Q

What is the final hydrogen/electron acceptor?

A

OXYGEN

30
Q

Why do we need to breathe in every few seconds (in relation to respiration)?

A

In order to provide oxygen as the final hydrogen/electron acceptor

31
Q

Describe the steps in the electron transport chain?

A

1 - Receives hydrogen and electrons from NADH
2 - Electrons are passed along the electron transport chain releasing energy.
3 - This energy is used to move H ions across the inner membrane.
4 - Flow of these H ions back across the membrane through ATP synthase results in ATP production
5 - Final hydrogen and electron acceptor is oxygen to create water.

32
Q

Describe the role of NADH in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH provides hydrogen ions and high energy electrons. The high energy electrons are used to pump the hydrogen ions across the membrane.

Higher Biology Unit 2 (8 decks)

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