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Year 2 anatomy- term 2 > Urinary 1 > Flashcards

Urinary 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulation of body fluid

Regulation of electrolytes

Blood filtration

Blood pressure regulation

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2
Q

Within what cavity is the urinary system located?

A

Abdomino-pelvic cavity

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3
Q

What system is the urinary system closely related to anatomically?

A

Reproductive system

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4
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys

Ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

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5
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Maintains homeostasis by blood filtration

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6
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

Urine transported from kidneys to bladder

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7
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Temporary storage of urine

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8
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Transport of urine out of the body

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9
Q

Where do the kidneys lie?

A

In the paravertebral gutters on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of vertebrae T12-L3

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10
Q

Besides what vertebrae do the kidneys lie?

A

T12-L3

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11
Q

What plane does the hilus of the kidney lie on?

A

Transpyloric plane

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12
Q

What is the hilus of the kidney?

A

Part on the medial concave border of the kidney through which blood vessels and the ureter enter/leave the substance of the kidney

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13
Q

At what vertebral level does the transpyloric plane lie?

A

L1

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14
Q

Which kidney is lower and why?

A

Right kidney due to the liver

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15
Q

What is the covering of the kidneys called?

A

Fascial coverings of the kidneys

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16
Q

What 4 layers enclose each kidney (fascial of the kidneys)?

A

Fibrous renal capsule

Fatty renal capsule

Renal fascia (fibro-fatty tissue)

Pararenal fatty tissue (mainly on the posterior aspect of the kidney)

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17
Q

What is A?

A

Kidney

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18
Q

What is B?

A

Renal capsule

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19
Q

What is C?

A

Perirenal fat

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20
Q

What is D?

A

Renal fascia

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21
Q

What is E?

A

Pararenal fat

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22
Q

What is the significance of having fatty tissue around the kidney?

A

Protection

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23
Q

What are the posterior relations (muscles) to the kidneys?

A

Diaphragm

Psoas major

Quadratus lumborum

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24
Q

What is A?

A

Diaphragm

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25
Q

What is B?

A

Psoas major

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26
Q

What is C?

A

Quadratus lumborum

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27
Q

What is the consequence of the close relation between the kidneys and the diaphragm?

A

They move during respiration

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28
Q

Are the kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal, along with the rest of the urinary tract

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29
Q

What are two parts of the GI tract that are retroperitoneal?

A

Pancreas

Ascending/descending colon

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30
Q

What is the anterior surface of the kidneys related to?

A

Viscera of the GI system

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31
Q

What is the anterior relation to 1 on the right kidney?

A

Suprarenal gland

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32
Q

What is the anterior relation to 2 on the right kidney?

A

Liver

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33
Q

What is the anterior relation to 3 on the right kidney?

A

Duodenum

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34
Q

What is the anterior relation to 4 on the right kidney?

A

Colon

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35
Q

What is the anterior relation to 5 on the right kidney?

A

Jejenum

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36
Q

What is the anterior relation to 1 on the left kidney?

A

Suprarenal gland

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37
Q

What is the anterior relation to 2 on the left kidney?

A

Stomach

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38
Q

What is the anterior relation to 3 on the left kidney?

A

Spleen

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39
Q

What is the anterior relation to 4 on the left kidney?

A

Pancreas

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40
Q

What is the anterior relation to 5 on the left kidney?

A

Small bowel

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41
Q

What is the anterior relation to 6 on the left kidney?

A

Left colic flexure

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42
Q

Part of the kidneys are peritonised, what does this depend on?

A

If the organ that lies on that part of the kidney is peritonised then the kidney below it is also peritonised

If the organ is retroperitonised then the kidney below it will not be peritonised

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43
Q

Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply to the kidneys?

A

Sympathetic

  • Thoracolumbar outflow from T10 to L1 provide vasomotor supply via the thoracolumbar splanchnic nerve, after synapsing at the renal and coeliac ganglia.

Parasympathetic

  • vagus nerve
  • fibers from the intermesenteric plexus (S2 to S4) also innervate the kidneys
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44
Q

Lymph from the kidneys are drained to where?

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes around the origin of the renal arteries (L1)

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45
Q

What is A?

A

Renal cortex

46
Q

What is B?

A

Renal medulla

47
Q

What is C?

A

Renal papilla

48
Q

What is D?

A

Renal pyramids

49
Q

What is E?

A

Renal columns

50
Q

What is F?

A

Fibrous capsule

51
Q

What is G?

A

Minor calyx

52
Q

What is H?

A

Major calyx

53
Q

What is I?

A

Ureter

54
Q

What is J?

A

Renal pelvis

55
Q

What is K?

A

Renal vein

56
Q

What is L?

A

Renal artery

57
Q

What is M?

A

Hilum

58
Q

What are some parts within the medulla?

A

Renal pyramid

Calyx

Ureter

Renal pelvis

Hilum of the kidney

59
Q

What does this image show?

A

Kidney

60
Q

What is A?

A

Cortex of kidney

61
Q

What is B?

A

Medulla of kidney

62
Q

What is A?

A

Glomurular capilarries

63
Q

What is B?

A

Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

64
Q

What is C?

A

Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

65
Q

What is D?

A

Bowman’s space

66
Q

What does this show?

A

Renal corpuscle

67
Q

What does this show?

A

Nephron

68
Q

What is A?

A

Cortex

69
Q

What is B?

A

Medulla

70
Q

What is C?

A

Collecting duct

71
Q

What is D?

A

Loop of Henle

72
Q

What is E?

A

Collecting tubule

73
Q

What is F?

A

Distal convulated tubule

74
Q

What is G?

A

Renal corpuscle

75
Q

What is H?

A

Proximal convulated tubule

76
Q

What is I?

A

Capsule

77
Q

What does this show?

A

Renal corpuscle

78
Q

What is A?

A

Glomerulus

79
Q

What is B?

A

Bowman’s capsule (space)

80
Q

Filtration of blood plasma takes place where?

A

Renal corpuscle

81
Q

Renal corpuscles are always found where?

A

Renal cortex

82
Q

After leaving the renal corpuscle, the filtrate passes through the renal tubule in what order?

A

1) Proximal convulated tubule (in the renal cortex)
2) Loop of Henle (in the medulla)
3) Distal convulated tubule (in thhe renal cortex)
4) Collecting tubule (in the medulla)
5) Collecting duct (in the medulla)

83
Q

Where is the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule found?

A

Close to renal corpuscle, in a structure known as the juxtaglomerular complex

84
Q

What lies between the visceral and parietal layers of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Bowman’s space

85
Q

At what vertebral level are the paired renal arteries given off from the abdominal aorta?

A

L1/L2

86
Q

What happens to the renal arteries at the hilum of the kidney?

A

Divides into 5 branches

87
Q

What consequence does the relationship between the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava have on the renal arteries and veins?

A

Left renal vein travels anterior to aorta and is long, while right renal vein travels direct and is short

Conversely, right renal artery travels posterior to inferior vena cava and is long, left renal artery travels direct and is short

88
Q

What vein travels up from the pelvis and drains into the left renal vein?

A

Left gonadal vein

89
Q

What is A?

A

Left gonadal vein

90
Q

What is B?

A

Right gonadal vein

91
Q

Is the ureter retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

92
Q

What is the ureter?

A

A distensible muscular tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder

93
Q

In what cavities does the ureter lie?

A

Proximal portion - abdominal cavity

Distal portion - pelvic cavity

94
Q

What does the ureter commence as?

A

Dilated portion called the renal pelvis

95
Q

Where does the renal pelvis lie in relationt to the renal vessels?

A

Posterior

96
Q

What does the ureter lie on as it descends?

A

Psoas major

97
Q

What is the path of the ureter from kidney to bladder?

A

Descends along psoas major -> cross anterior to bifurcation of common iliac artery -> courses along lateral wall of pelvis -> turns medially to reach bladder

98
Q

In a male, what crosses the ureter superiorly?

A

Ductus (vas) deferens

99
Q

In a female, what crosses the ureter superiorly?

A

Ovarian artery

100
Q

What are the 3 constrictors in the ureters where calculi (stones) often lodge?

A

1) Origin
2) Pelvic brim
3) Vesiculo-ureteric junction

101
Q

Which part of the bladder does the ureter enter?

A

Lateral aspect in oblique manner

102
Q

From which part of the bladder does the urethra exit?

A

Urinary meatus

103
Q

Embryologically, what is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?

A

Urachus

104
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the walls of the urinary bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

105
Q

What is the bony joint immediately anterior to the urinary bladder?

A

Pubic symphysis

106
Q

What symptoms can be present if a bladder is enlarged and reaches into the abdominal cavity?

A

Difficulty urinating

107
Q

What is the relation between the peritoneal and the urinary bladder?

A

Parietal peritoneum from the inferior part of abdominal wall drapes over superior surface of urinary bladder and dips behind posterior surface to form peritoneal pouches

108
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the urinary bladder and ureter?

A

Transitional epithelium

109
Q

What is the advantage of transitional epithelium lining the ureter and urinary bladder?

A

Does not allow leakage

110
Q
A

Year 2 anatomy- term 2 (11 decks)

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