basics

Question 0

rotary movement

Answer 0

movement of the whole bone

Question 1

translatory movement

Answer 1

movement directly at joint surface (sliding in joint spaces)

Question 2

reference for movements (axis and plane) (3)

Answer 2

1. x axis= movement around sagittal plane
2. y axis = movement around transverse plane
3. z axis= movement around coronal plane

Question 3

flexion/ extension

Answer 3

usually around X

Question 4

abduction/ adduction

Answer 4

usually around Z

Question 5

internal (medial) / external (lateral) rotation

Answer 5

usually Y

Question 6

radial / ulnar deviation

Answer 6

radial deviation= towards radius

Question 7

opposition/ reposition

Answer 7

opposition = thumb moving towards pinkie

Question 8

horizontal ab/adduction

Answer 8

(shoulders) towards midline

Question 9

amphiarthrodial joint
 (def and eg)

Answer 9

not fixed, but not free movement

eg- ribs

Question 10

synarthrodial joint 
(def and eg)

Answer 10

2 bones meet, no appreciable movement

eg cranium

Question 11

diarthrodial  joint
  (3 types + def)

Answer 11

all have synovial capsule

1. simple- 2 bones (eg MCP)
2. compound- >2 bones (eg elbow)
3. complex- simple or compound; had meniscus

Question 12

joint degrees of freedom

(3 deg and eg)

Answer 12

1. uniaxial- eg hinge: elbow, PIP
2. biaxial- eg- condyloid: wrist, CMC
3. triaxial- eg ball and socked

Question 13

arthrokinematic laws (2)

Answer 13

1. convex on concave: (eg glenohumeral) rotary and translatory movements in opposite directions
2. concave on convex: (eg MCP) rotary and translatory in same direction

Question 14

joint position (2)

Answer 14

1. closed packed- generally fully extended. joint surfaces in most contact, more painful
2. open packed- all other positions

Question 15

PROM

(2 def and eg)

Answer 15

1. passive range of motion

2. eg- pushing on joint

Question 16

AROM (2 def and eg)

Answer 16

1. active range of motion

2. with no help/ what patient can actively do alone

Question 17

AAROM (2 def and eg)

Answer 17

1. assisted active range of motion

2. some patient, some therapist

Question 18

resisted ROM

Answer 18

against theraband, weight, therapist

Question 19

normal ROM variability (3)

Answer 19

1. age
2. sex
3. occupation/activity level

Question 20

required supporting joint capsule (6)

Answer 20

1. joint capsule- non-contractile tissue
2. tendon - non-contractile attach muscle to bone (strain)
3. ligament - non-contractile attach bone to bone (sprain)
4. cartilage - fibrocartilage - thick cartilage inside joint
   hyaline cartilate- thin cartilage inside all diarthroid joints; lines the bones
5. bursae
6. retinaculum- non-contractile binds down tendons of mucles

Question 21

layers of bone (3)

Answer 21

1. periosteum
2. cortical (compact)
3. cancelleous (spongy)

Question 22

osteoblast/ osteclast (2 def)

Answer 22

osteoblast- cells that make bone

osteclast- cells that break down bone

Question 23

functions of bone (3)

Answer 23

1. produce RBC
2. protection for organs (skull)
3. storage for Ca

Question 24

function of muscle (3)

Answer 24

1. movement
2. heat
3. posture

Question 25

Composition of skeletal muscle (4 layers/coverings)

Answer 25

1. muscle fiber covered by
2. fascicle covered by
3. perimysium covered by
4. epimysium

Question 26

motor unit

Answer 26

1. all the muscle fibers that are innervated by the axon from one anterior horn cell

Question 27

muscle fiber type I (4)

Answer 27

1. slow twitch
2. less tension/ last longer (fatigue resistance)
3. need O2
4. keep us up against gravity

Question 28

mucle fiber type IIB (2)

Answer 28

1. fast twitch, fast fatigue (dont stay turned on long)

2. use glycogen

Question 29

muscle fiber IIA (2)

Answer 29

1. fast twitch, slow fatigue

2. use glycogen and O2

Question 30

phasic muscle (2)

Answer 30

1. fast twitch (turn on and off)

2. more superficial muscle fibers

Question 31

Tonic muscle fibers

Answer 31

1. slow interval, stabilizing muscle

Question 32

muscle fiber orientation (2)

Answer 32

1. longitudinal (fusiform)- long fibers that run parallel too long axis of muscle
   better for joint excursion (ROM)
2. Pennate- a tendon with fibers coming off obliquely- more fibers, contract stronger, better for tension
   unipennate - thumb
   bipennate- rec fem

Question 33

role of muscles (5)

Answer 33

1. agonist- primary mover
2. antagonist- muscle opposing agonist
3. synergist- muscles moving together to do movement
4. spurt muscles- designed for mobility
   origin far from joint; distal attachment close to joint
5. shunt muscle- designed for stability
   origin close to joint; distal attachment far from joint
   bicep= spurt at elbow, shunt at shoulder

Question 34

multi-joint muscles lengths (3)

Answer 34

1. resting length- optimal length
2. acting insufficiency- simultaneous shortening over all joints
   eg- movement of muscle
   3 passive insufficiency- simultaneous lengthening over all joints
   eg- stretching the mucles

Question 35

contraction classification (3 and eg)

Answer 35

1. isometric- length of muscle doesn’t change
   eg- holding arm up against gravity
2. concentric- muscle shortens generally against gravity or a force (ie theraband)
3. eccentric- muscles lengthen into gravity or a force

Question 36

kinematic chains (2)

Answer 36

1. open- distal extremity freely moving in space
   eg- sitting and raising lower limb
2. closed- distal extremity fixed
   eg- squats

Question 37

Kinematic description of movement

Answer 37

Movement speed and limb position