Class 3: Hormones

Question 1

Definition of Hormone

Answer 1

A hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by glands that act elsewhere in body

Question 2

What are hormones secreted by?

Answer 2

Hormones are secreted by Endocrine Glands

Question 3

What is included in endocrine system?

Answer 3

A complex network of glands and organs that uses hormones.

Question 4

What is Endocrinology?

Answer 4

The field that studies hormones & the effects it has on the body

Question 5

Who discovered hormones and when?

Answer 5

A. A. Berthold in 1859 (rooster testicle experiment)

Question 6

What does the word hormones translate to?

Answer 6

“to set in motion”

Question 7

What is the hierarchy of hormone release (4 levels)

Answer 7

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary Gland
3. Target Endocrine Glands
4. Target organs or tissues

Question 8

What is the HPA Axis and what does it stand for?

Answer 8

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis is the major neural system activated during stress

Question 9

What are the 3 major classes of hormones?

Answer 9

1. Peptide hormones
2. Monoamine hormones
3. Steroid hormones

Question 10

What are peptide hormone?

Answer 10

Strings of amino acids (such as insulin and leptin)

Question 11

What are monoamine hormones?

Answer 11

Modified amino acids (often found in brain as NT as well)

Question 12

What are steroid hormones?

Answer 12

Hormones synthesized from cholesterol and have four ringed structure

Question 13

Do hormones have receptors like NTs or not?

Answer 13

Hormones do have receptors just like NTs

Question 14

Are hormone receptors (like NTs receptors) ion channels?

Answer 14

Hormone receptors are not ion channels, they induce intracellular set of events which cause physiological changes inside of the cell

Question 15

What are the three basic ways that hormones act throughout the body

Answer 15

1. Promote growth, proliferation and differentiation of cells
2. Modulate cell activity & metabolism
3. Modulate secretion of other hormones from endocrine glands

Question 16

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 16

Anterior pituitary (AP) and Posterior pituitary (PP)

Question 17

What is the anterior pituitary responsible for?

Answer 17

The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by veins (i.e portals) Similar to the HPA axis method of stress activation.

Question 18

What is the posterior pituitary responsible for?

Answer 18

The posterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by neurons. A neural signal will be received by the posterior pituitary to release the hormones.

Question 19

What is the negative feedback-loop (in relation to hormones)?

Answer 19

Hormones can control their own release to maintain a predetermined balance (homeostasis)

Question 20

What are the 6 general principles of hormones?

Answer 20

1. Hormone levels vary of time
2. Hormones affect probability of a behaviour not directly cause said behaviour
3. The relationship between hormones and behaviour is reciprical (hormones affect behaviour and behaviour affects hormones)
4. Hormones can interact with out hormones
5. Hormones act in a gradual fashion
6. A Hormone can have multiple effects (1 to many and many to 1)

Question 21

What is the difference between synaptic signaling and endocrine signaling?

Answer 21

Synaptic signaling diffuses across synaptic cleft while endocrine signaling involves release of hormones into bloodstream

Question 22

What are 4 difference between hormonal and neural signaling?

Answer 22

1. Neural signals have precise targets
2. Neural signals are rapid
3. Neural signals are all or nothing
4. Neural communication are sometimes voluntary control

Question 23

What are 3 similarities between hormonal and neural signaling?

Answer 23

1. Neurons and endocrine glands produce and store chemicals which they release on stimulation
2. NTs and hormones bind to receptors on target cells
3. Some chemicals can be a hormone or a NT