Gender

Question 1

Testosterone

Answer 1

An androgen, 10x higher in males develops due to the SRY gene.
Linked to aggression

Question 2

Oestrogen

Answer 2

Female sex hormone, responsible for the secondary sex characteristics regulates menstrual cycle.
Linked to maternal behaviour.

Question 3

Oxytocin

Answer 3

Stimulates lactation and reduces the effect of cortisol, Responsible for attachment and bonding.
Men have lower levels which fuels the stereotypes of a lack of intimacy

Question 4

David Rimer

Answer 4

Shows chromosomes and biology outweigh the attempts to socialise as a girl (environment)

Question 5

Pepe

Gender

Answer 5

Found giving oestrogen to pregnant monkeys reduced miscarriage and complications.

Question 6

Tricker

Gender

Answer 6

Double blind study, 43 males given testosterone or a placebo. NO difference in aggression was found after 10 weeks

Question 7

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Answer 7

Males- Abnormal chromosome pattern XXY.

Often co-morbidity with ADHD

Question 8

Psychological characteristics of Klinefelter’s

Answer 8

• Poor reading ability
• passive and shy
• poor language skills

Question 9

Physical Characteristics of Klinefelter’s

Answer 9

• reduced body hair
• longer limbs
• often infertile
• gynecomastia (Breast development)
• narrow shoulders/ wide hips

Question 10

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 10

Females- abnormal chromosome XO

Question 11

Psychological characteristics of Turner’s

Answer 11

• higher reading and language ability
• poor mathematical ability
• socially immature

Question 12

Physical characteristics of Turners Syndrome

Answer 12

• underdeveloped ovaries and breasts
• webbed neck
• infertile
• heart defects

Question 13

Weaknesses of research into Klinefelter and Turners

Answer 13

• Can be seen as socially sensitive and unethical

- small sample sizes, so often cant generalise

Question 14

Strengths of research into Klinefelter and Turners

Answer 14

• A study in Australia found that those diagnosed young were more likely to see benefits.
  This links to the economy as more people in work etc.

Question 15

Gender Identity

Answer 15

2-3 years

Can identify and understand the concept of male and female

Question 16

Gender Stability

Answer 16

3 to 5 years old

Gender is based on superficial characteristics such as clothes. They understand that THEIR gender remains the same

Question 17

Gender Constancy

Answer 17

6 to 7 years
Gender remains constant regardless of appearance
At this point, children seek gender appropriate role models to imitate

Question 18

Gender- Schema Theory

Answer 18

Martin and Halverson

Like Kohlberg suggests that children’s understanding of gender increases with age. But earlier at 2-3 years

Question 19

Little at al

Gender Schema Theory

Answer 19

Found children under 4 show no gender stability or constancy, but demonstrate sex stereotyped behaviours

Question 20

Slaby and Frey (1975)

Gender

Answer 20

Divided children into low and high constancy groups. Showed them a video of 2 adults doing gendered jobs.
Found those in high constancy focused more on the same sex role model.

Question 21

Bem (1989)

Gender Evaluation

Answer 21

Suggested social ideas of gender confuse and influence the children.

Question 22

Bandura

Gender evaluation

Answer 22

Claims social processes of observation, imitation, and identification are more influential than cognitive structures