Tobira Grammar Sentences 2 Flashcards
<div> 子供の頃嫌いであった食べ物が、大人になって好きになるという話をよく聞く。 </div>
<div> {〜である/ ~であった} / {~ではない/~ではなかった} である is the formal plain form of だ and can be affixed to nouns and -な／-の adjectives. である is used in formal writing. In very formal speech the polite form であります／ではありません may be used. である can occur before nouns in relative clauses while だ cannot. </div>
<br></br> One often hears stories about disliking food as a child, but coming to like it as an adult.
<div> 私の日本語の先生である田中先生。 </div>
<div> {〜である/ ~であった} / {~ではない/~ではなかった} である is the formal plain form of だ and can be affixed to nouns and -な／-の adjectives. である is used in formal writing. In very formal speech the polite form であります／ではありません may be used. である can occur before nouns in relative clauses while だ cannot. </div>
<br></br> My Japanese teacher, Mr. Tanaka.
<div> 新型ではないケータイを使っているので、ケータイでEメールが出来ない。 </div>
<div> {N/ANa/ANo} {である／であった／ではない／ではなかった} N である is the formal plain form of だ and can be affixed to nouns and -な／-の adjectives. である is used in formal writing. In very formal speech the polite form であります／ではありません may be used. である can occur before nouns in relative clauses while だ cannot. </div>
<br></br> I’m not using a new model cell-phone, so I can’t send E-mails using my cell.
<div> 生み出す 見つけ出す 掘り出す </div>
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (1) Someone makes something available/accessible which hasn't existed or hasn't been available or accessible. </div>
<br></br> うみだす - to create みつけだすー to find out ほりだす- to dig up/out
<div> 笑い出す 動き出す </div>
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (2) Someone begins something or something begins </div>
<br></br> わらいだす-to start laughing うごきだす- to begin to move
<div> ピクニックの途中で、急に雨が降り出した。 </div>
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (2) Someone begins something or something begins </div>
<br></br> In the middle of the picnic it suddenly started to rain.
<div> 赤ちゃんが泣き出したので、お母さんは急いでミルクをあげた。 </div>
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (2) Someone begins something or something begins </div>
<br></br> The baby burst out crying, so its mother hurried to give it milk.
<div> インスタントラーメンを作り出したのは、安藤百福という人です。 </div>
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (2) Someone begins something or something begins </div>
<br></br> The inventor of instant ramen is a man named Ando Momofuku.
<div> 図書館で1時間ぐらいかかって、ついにその本を探し出した時は、うれしかった。 </div>
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (2) Someone begins something or something begins </div>
<br></br> I was happy when I finally found the book after spending about an hour at the library searching for it.
<div> このクラスには、宿題をしない学生はいない。休み時に、先生に連絡しない学生もいない。 </div>
<div> V−nai ない N は{ない／いない} Means: There is no N which/who does not V This construction is used to create sentences containing double negatives. VないNは(い)ない is equivalent to "All Ns V." </div>
<br></br> There are no students in this class who don’t do their homework, and no students who don’t let the teacher know if they’re going to be absent, either.
<div> アニメが好きな若者で、宮崎駿のアニメを見たことがない人はいない。 </div>
<div> V−nai ない N は{ない／いない} Means: There is no N which/who does not V This construction is used to create sentences containing double negatives. VないNは(い)ない is equivalent to "All Ns V." </div>
<br></br> There’s no young person who likes aime who hasn’t seen Hayao Miyazaki’s films.
<div> 酸素や水を必要としない生物は地球にはいない。 </div>
<div> V−nai ない N は{ない／いない} Means: There is no N which/who does not V This construction is used to create sentences containing double negatives. VないNは(い)ない is equivalent to "All Ns V." </div>
<br></br> Every living being on earth needs oxygen and water.
<div> やまない雨はないんですよ。落ち込んでいないで元気を出しましょう。 </div>
<div> V−nai ない N は{ない／いない} Means: There is no N which/who does not V This construction is used to create sentences containing double negatives. VないNは(い)ない is equivalent to "All Ns V." </div>
<br></br> All storms (lit. rain) eventually cease. Don’t be depressed. Cheer up.
<div> 日本の環境省はアメリカの Environmental Protection Agency に当たる。 </div>
<div> XはYに当たる。 X&Y = Nouns Means: X corresponds to Y; X is equivalent to Y; X is equal to Y This grammar is often used to contrast words/phrases in two languages or organizations/professional titles in two countries. </div>
<br></br> The Japanese かんきょうしょう is equivalent to the American EPA.
<div> 日本語の「いただきます」や「ごちそうさま」に当たる言葉は英語にはない。 </div>
<div> XはYに当たる。 X&Y = Nouns Means: X corresponds to Y; X is equivalent to Y; X is equal to Y This grammar is often used to contrast words/phrases in two languages or organizations/professional titles in two countries. </div>
<br></br> There are no words in English that corresponds to the Japanese itadakimasu and gochisousama.
<div> 彼女は私の母の姉の娘ですから、私のいとこに当たります。 </div>
<div> XはYに当たる。 X&Y = Nouns Means: X corresponds to Y; X is equivalent to Y; X is equal to Y This grammar is often used to contrast words/phrases in two languages or organizations/professional titles in two countries. </div>
<br></br> She’s my mother’s older sister’s daughter, so that makes her my cousin.
<div> 英語のpresidentに当たる言葉は、日本語の場合、会社では「社長」、大学では「学長」、米国政府では「大統領」です。 </div>
<div> Yに当たるZはXだ。 X,Y,Z = nouns Means: The Z which is equivalent to Y is X; the Z which corresponds to Y is X. his grammar is often used to contrast words/phrases in two languages or organizations/professional titles in two countries. </div>
<br></br> In the case of Japanese, the words which correspond to the English word “president” is “しゃちょう” in a company, “がくちょう” in a University, and “だいとうりょう” for the American government.
<div> メールが戻って来たということは、このアドレスはもう使われていないということになる。 </div>
<div> S(という)ことになる Means: end up (with); mean that ~; cause This grammar is usually preceded by 1 of 3 types of sentences, here is is (1) a topic phrase, and indicates that the (non-) action, even or situation stated in the preceding phrase/clause leads to a logical conclusion or a certain situation. </div>
<br></br> The mail came back, so that means this address is no longer being used.
<div> 家賃が上がったので、引っ越さなければならないことになってしまった。 </div>
<div> S(という)ことになる Means: end up (with); mean that ~; cause This grammar is usually preceded by 1 of 3 types of sentences, here is is (2) reason clause, and indicates that the (non-) action, even or situation stated in the preceding phrase/clause leads to a logical conclusion or a certain situation. </div>
<br></br> The rent went up, which means that I have to move.
<div> 今のうちに勉強しておかないと、後で卒業できないということになるかもしれない。 </div>
<div> S(という)ことになる Means: end up (with); mean that ~; cause This grammar is usually preceded by 1 of 3 types of sentences, here is is (3) a conditional clause, and indicates that the (non-) action, even or situation stated in the preceding phrase/clause leads to a logical conclusion or a certain situation. </div>
<br></br> If I don’t study now, while I can, I may end up with me unable to graduate later on.
<div> 日本の学生は高校まではよく勉強するが、大学に入ってからはあまり勉強しない傾向がある。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-plain.nonpast (という)傾向がある。 Means: Have a tendency to; have an inclination to; There is a tendency to; tend to This construction is used when someone or something has a tendency to do something. It is commonly used in written language and formal speech. という is optional. </div>
<br></br> There is a tendency for Japanese students to study often through high school, but after getting into a university, not study much.
<div> 日本人は自分の家族のことを誰かに話す時、あまりいいことを言わない傾向がある。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-plain.nonpast (という)傾向がある。 Means: Have a tendency to; have an inclination to; There is a tendency to; tend to This construction is used when someone or something has a tendency to do something. It is commonly used in written language and formal speech. という is optional. </div>
<br></br> Japanese people tend not to say good things when talking about their family members.
<div> 初めに砕けた話し方で日本語を覚えてしまった人は、助詞をよく間違える傾向がある。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-plain.nonpast (という)傾向がある。 Means: Have a tendency to; have an inclination to; There is a tendency to; tend to This construction is used when someone or something has a tendency to do something. It is commonly used in written language and formal speech. という is optional. </div>
<br></br> People who first learned to speak Japanese through casual speech have a tendency to make frequent mistakes with particles.
<div> 若い人の方が、年を取った人より、ファーストフードをよく食べるという傾向が見られる。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-plain.nonpast (という)傾向が見られる。 Means: Have a tendency to; have an inclination to; There is a tendency to; tend to This construction is used when someone or something has a tendency to do something. It is commonly used in written language and formal speech. という is optional. </div>
<br></br> Young people, more so than old people, tend to eat fast food often.
<div> Sとする。 </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> to assume/suppose that S.
<div> もし、タイムマーシンがあるとしたら、どの時代に行って、誰に会ってみたいですか。 </div>
<div> （もし）S としたら Sとしたら literally means "If I/we/you suppose that S." This construction is usually used to present a hypothetical situation, but can be used for an actual situation as well in which the speaker is presenting the situation as if it were hypothetical in order to indicate something indirectly. もし here is optional. It emphasizes that the speaker is presenting the situation as a hypothetical one. </div>
<br></br> If you had a time machine, what era would you go to and who would you want to meet?
<div> これらの辞書の中で、もしどれか一つを選ぶとしたら、やはり電子辞書にするだろう。 </div>
<div> （もし）S としたら Sとしたら literally means "If I/we/you suppose that S." This construction is usually used to present a hypothetical situation, but can be used for an actual situation as well in which the speaker is presenting the situation as if it were hypothetical in order to indicate something indirectly. もし here is optional. It emphasizes that the speaker is presenting the situation as a hypothetical one. </div>
<br></br> If I were to pick one among these dictionaries, after all I’d probably decide on the elctronic one.
<div> この問題が分からないとしたら、それはあまり勉強しなかったということですよ。 </div>
<div> （もし）S としたら Sとしたら literally means "If I/we/you suppose that S." This construction is usually used to present a hypothetical situation, but can be used for an actual situation as well in which the speaker is presenting the situation as if it were hypothetical in order to indicate something indirectly. もし here is optional. It emphasizes that the speaker is presenting the situation as a hypothetical one </div>
<br></br> If you did not understand this problem, it means you didn’t study very much.
<div> 机がガタガタして、書きにくい。 </div>
<div> N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks. </div>
<br></br> The desk is rattling/clattering, making it hard to write.
<div> お星さまがキラキラして、きれいだなあ。 </div>
<div> N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks. </div>
<br></br> The stars are twinking. They are so pretty!
<div> 面接の前は緊張して心臓がドキドキした。 </div>
<div> N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks. </div>
<br></br> Before the interview, I was so nervous my heart was pounding.
<div> 歯がシクシクする。 </div>
<div> N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks. </div>
<br></br> My tooth has a dull pain.
<div> 心がウキウキする。 </div>
<div> N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks. </div>
<br></br> My heart beats lightheartedly/cheerfully.
<div> 指がズキズキする。 </div>
<div> N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks. </div>
<br></br> My finger is throbbing in pain.
<div> 兄は自分で料理しないくせに、いつも私の作ったものに文句を言う。 </div>
<div> 〜くせに Means: Although~; in spite of the fact that~; and yet~ This conjunction is used when something commonly expected from information in the subordinate clause (i.e. the くせに phrase/clause) does not happen or is not the case. In most situations, くせに expresses the speaker's anger, frustration or disagreement. This emotion is not directed toward the speaker, but toward the hearer or 3rd person. When くせに is used, the subject of the main clause and that of the subordinate clause must be the same. If the subjects differ, you must use なのに、. </div>
<br></br> My older brother doesn’t cook (himself) and yet he always complains about what I make.
<div> 妹は怖くて夜眠れなくなるくせに、ホラームービーばかり見ている。 </div>
<div> 〜くせに Means: Although~; in spite of the fact that~; and yet~ This conjunction is used when something commonly expected from information in the subordinate clause (i.e. the くせに phrase/clause) does not happen or is not the case. In most situations, くせに expresses the speaker's anger, frustration or disagreement. This emotion is not directed toward the speaker, but toward the hearer or 3rd person. When くせに is used, the subject of the main clause and that of the subordinate clause must be the same. If the subjects differ, you must use なのに、. </div>
<br></br> Even though she gets scared and can’t sleep, my little sister always watches horror films.
<div> トムさんは貧乏なくせに、ガソリンをたくさん使う高いスポーツカーに乗っている。 </div>
<div> 〜くせに Means: Although~; in spite of the fact that~; and yet~ This conjunction is used when something commonly expected from information in the subordinate clause (i.e. the くせに phrase/clause) does not happen or is not the case. In most situations, くせに expresses the speaker's anger, frustration or disagreement. This emotion is not directed toward the speaker, but toward the hearer or 3rd person. When くせに is used, the subject of the main clause and that of the subordinate clause must be the same. If the subjects differ, you must use なのに、. </div>
<br></br> Even though Tom doesn’t have much money, he drives around in an expensive gas-guzzling sports car.
<div> 昔は、「男のくせに泣くのはよくない」とか「女のくせに強すぎる」とか言いましたが、今日ではそう思う人は少なくなってきたと思います。 </div>
<div> 〜くせに Means: Although~; in spite of the fact that~; and yet~ This conjunction is used when something commonly expected from information in the subordinate clause (i.e. the くせに phrase/clause) does not happen or is not the case. In most situations, くせに expresses the speaker's anger, frustration or disagreement. This emotion is not directed toward the speaker, but toward the hearer or 3rd person. When くせに is used, the subject of the main clause and that of the subordinate clause must be the same. If the subjects differ, you must use なのに、. </div>
<br></br> In the past, people used to say things like “men shouldn’t cry” and “you’re too strong for a woman”, but I think there are fewer people who think like that now.
<div> Regular form of this contraction? 書いてる </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> かいている ~てる => ~ている
<div> Regular form? 飲んでます </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> のんでいます 〜てますー＞〜ています
<div> Regular form? 読んでた </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> よんでいた 〜てたー＞〜ていた
<div> Regular form? この部屋じゃ小さすぎて、。。。 </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> では 〜じゃー＞〜では
<div> Regular form? 早く起きなくちゃ。。。 </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> 起きなくては（いけない／ならない） 〜なくちゃー＞〜なくては（X）
<div> Regular form? 話さなきゃ </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> 話さなければ（いけない／ならない）
<div> Regular form? 忘れちゃう </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> 忘れてしまう
<div> Regular form? 食べちゃった </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> 食べてしまった
<div> Regular form? 買っといた </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> 買っておいた （as in 買っておく）
<div> Regular form? 寝とく </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> 寝ておく
<div> Regular form? 宿題も出しといたげる </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> 宿題も出しておいてあげる
<div> Regular form? 説明したげる </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> 説明してあげる
<div> Regular Form? 出したげた </div>
<div> </div>
<br></br> 出してあげた
<div> レポート、今、書いてるとこ（ろ）だから、書き終わったら見てくれる？ </div>
<div> In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used. </div>
<br></br> I’m in the middle of writing the report now - would you mind looking at it when I’m done?
<div> この部屋じゃ小さすぎて、30人も集まるパーティなんて出来ないなあ。 </div>
<div> In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used. </div>
<br></br> This room would be too small. There’s no way we can have a party here for thirty people.
<div> 友達を空港まで送ったげなきゃいけないから、明日は、早く起きなくちゃ。 </div>
<div> In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used. </div>
<br></br> I’ve gotta take a friend to the airport, so I need to get up early tomorrow.
<div> 先生の言ったこと、ノートに書いとかないと、忘れちゃうよ。 </div>
<div> In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used. </div>
<br></br> If you don’t write down what the professor says, you end up forgetting it, you know.
<div> 飲み物、買っといたから、何も持ってできなくていいよ。 </div>
<div> In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used. </div>
<br></br> I bought the drinks, so you don’t have to bring anything.
<div> 私も宿題を出しに行かなくちゃいいけないから、マイクの宿題も出しといたげる。 </div>
<div> In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used. </div>
<br></br> I’ve gotta go turn in my homework, so I’ll turn yours in for you also, Mike.
<div> 漢字が苦手だと言っても、全然書けないわけではない。 </div>
<div> {V/A} (という）わけではない。 Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement. </div>
<br></br> Although I say that kanji is my weak point, that doesn’t mean I can’t write them at all.
<div> 試験の点が良ければいい成績が取れるというわけではない。宿題やプロジェクトも大切だ。 </div>
<div> {N/ANo} {という／だった／じゃない／じゃなかった} わけではない Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement. </div>
<br></br> You can’t count on getting good grades just because you score well on tests. Homework and projects are important, too.
<div> お金のためだけに働いているわけではないけれど、給料は高い方がいい。 </div>
<div> {V/A} (という）わけではない。 Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement. </div>
<br></br> The money isn’t the only reason I work, but I’d rather have a high salary.
<div> あの人が嫌いなわけではないんですが、デートしたいとは思いません。 </div>
<div> ANa {な／だった／じゃない／じゃなかった} わけではない Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement. </div>
<br></br> It’s not that I dislike that person, I don’t think I want to date (him/her).
<div> この料理はまずいわけではないけど、油が多いから、あまり食べられない。 </div>
<div> {V/A} (という）わけではない。 Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement. </div>
<br></br> I don’t mean that this dish is yucky, it’s that there’s a lot of oil so I can’t eat much.
<div> ネコというわけではない </div>
<div> {N/ANo} {という／だった／じゃない／じゃなかった} わけではない Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement. </div>
<br></br> It’s not that it’s a cat.
<div> 経済は政治と深い関係がある。 </div>
<div> N1 は N2 {と／に}関係がある。 This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。 </div>
<br></br> Economics is profoundly related to politics.
<div> そのトピックに関係のある本はこの列にあります。 </div>
<div> N1 {と/に} 関係 {が/の} あるN2. This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。 </div>
<br></br> A book related to that topic is in this row.
<div> 授業に関係のない質問はしないようにしましょう。 </div>
<div> N1 {と/に} 関係 {が/の} あるN2. This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。 </div>
<br></br> Try not to ask questions that are not related to the lesson.
<div> それは、僕には関係がないから、知らないなあ。 </div>
<div> N1 は N2 {と／に}関係がある。 This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。 </div>
<br></br> That is not related to me, so I don’t know about it.
<div> ハイブリッドの車が増えたことによって、町の空気がきれいなってきました。 </div>
<div> ~ことによって によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates CAUSE. "because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by" </div>
<br></br> Because hybrid cars increased, the city’s air came to be cleaner.
<div> 地球温暖化によって北極の氷が溶けて(to melt)いるらしい。 </div>
<div> ~ことによって によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates CAUSE. "because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by" </div>
<br></br> I’ve heard that, as an effect of global warming, the ice in the Arctic is melting.
<div> インターネットで調べることによって、世界中で今起こっていることを知ることが出来る。 </div>
<div> ~ことによって によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates MEANS. "because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by" </div>
<br></br> By means of internet search, you can know what is happening right now throughout the world.
<div> 言葉は、話したり読んだり書いたりすることによって学んでいくのです。 </div>
<div> ~ことによって によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates MEANS. "because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by" </div>
<br></br> One learns a language by speaking, reading, and writing it.
<div> 万有引力の法則(the law of universal gravitation)はニュートンによって発見されました。 </div>
<div> ~N によって によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates AGENT. "because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by" </div>
<br></br> The law of universal gravitation was discovered by Newton.
<div> 青と黄色の絵の具を混ぜます。すると、緑色になります。 </div>
<div> S1. すると、S2. "then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (1) The action in S1 causes what is said in S2 </div>
<br></br> Mix the colors blue and yellow. They become green.
<div> 亀は一生懸命走って行きました。すると、ウサギが途中で寝ているのが見えました。 </div>
<div> S1. すると、S2. "then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (1) The action in S1 causes what is said in S2 </div>
<br></br> The tortoise ran as hard as he could. Then, he saw the hare sleeping along the way.
<div> このアイコンをクリックして下さい。すると、コンピュータの画面の文字が大きくなります。 </div>
<div> S1. すると、S2. "then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (2) The action in S1 leads to the discovery of what is said in S2 </div>
<br></br> Please click this icon. That will make the letters on the screen become bigger.
<div> A) 田中さんは、明日の会議に出られないそうですよ。 B) すると、誰か他の人が出なくてはいけないということですね。 </div>
<div> S1. すると、S2. "then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (3) From the information implied in S1, the speaker confirms that S2 is the case. </div>
<br></br> A) I heard Tanaka-san will be unable to come to tomorrow’s meeting. B) Then, that means that somebody else will have to go, doesn’t it?
<div> 母が教えてくれた通り作ったら、おいしいケーキができた。 </div>
<div> V-plain 通り（に） "the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。 </div>
<br></br> I made it just as my mother taught me, and the cake turned out great.
<div> 空手部では、先輩に言われた通りにしないと、怒られてしまう。 </div>
<div> V-plain 通り（に） "the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。 </div>
<br></br> In karate club, if you don’t do exactly as you’re told by your upperclassmen, you will make them angry.
<div> 日本のファミリーレストランの店員は、みんなマニュアルの通りに話すから、ロボットみたいだ。 </div>
<div> N の 通り（に） "the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。 </div>
<br></br> Employees at Japanese family restaurants all repeat the lines straight out of the training manual - they’re like robots.
<div> 指示通りに、ここに答えを書いて下さい。 </div>
<div> N通り（に） Where 通り is a suffix and reads as どおり。 "the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。 </div>
<br></br> Please write your answers here as indicated by the instructions.
<div> 外国語は話せば話すほど、上手になります。そして、読めば読むほど、単語が増えます。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-cond {V/A}-plain ほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (When V is a suru verb, the second VN is usually omitted) </div>
<br></br> The more you speak a foreign language, the more skilled you become. In addition, the more you read, the more your vocabulary increases.
<div> 運動すればするほど、健康になれるし、やせられるから、運動は一石二鳥ですね。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-cond {V/A}-plain ほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (When V is a suru verb, the second VN is usually omitted, as is seen in this sentence) </div>
<br></br> The more you exercise, the healthier and more slim you become; exercise kills two birds with one stone, don’t you think?
<div> アパートは駅に近ければ近いほど家賃が高くなり、逆に、駅から遠ければ遠いほど安くなる。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-cond {V/A}-plain ほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (When V is a suru verb, the second VN is usually omitted) </div>
<br></br> The closer an apartment is to the train station to more expensive rent becomes. Inversely, the farther an apartment is from the train stations, the cheaper it becomes.
<div> 親が立派であればあるほど、子供はプレッシャーを感じてしまうようだ。 </div>
<div> {Ana/NP} であれば ({ANa/NP}で)あるほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (In this case, it appears that Ana in this structure do not need to be restated before ほど) </div>
<br></br> The more prominent/splended parents are, the more pressure children feel.
<div> いい大学であればあるほど入るのが難しいです。 </div>
<div> {Ana/NP} であれば ({ANa/NP}で)あるほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (In this case, it appears that Ana in this structure do not need to be restated before ほど) </div>
<br></br> The better the university, the harder it is to get in.
<div> 便利なら便利なほど... </div>
<div> ANa ならANa なほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. </div>
<br></br> The more convenient it is…
<div> 今、見たビデオから、文楽や歌舞伎は江戸時代に一般の人々にも広がったということが分かります。さて、次に紹介するのは、これも江戸時代に一般の人にも楽しまれるようになった茶道です。 </div>
<div> (S1.) さて、S2. "well; now; well now" さて always occurs at the beginning of a sentence and signals that (a) the speaker/writer is beginning a new topic (the new topic and the previous topic may be part of the same discourse) (b) the speaker/writer is going to ask a question about the information just provided, AS SEEN HERE or (c) the speaker is leaving. さてis not used in casual situations. </div>
<br></br> We understand from the video we’ve just watched that bunraku and kabuki became popular among the common people, too, during the Edo Period. Now, the next thing I’m going to introduce is the tea ceremony, which also became popular among commoners during the Edo Period.
<div> ある日、うさぎとかめが競走をしました。さて、どちらがレースに勝ったでしょうか。 </div>
<div> (S1.) さて、S2. "well; now; well now" さて always occurs at the beginning of a sentence and signals that (a) the speaker/writer is beginning a new topic (the new topic and the previous topic may be part of the same discourse) (b) the speaker/writer is going to ask a question about the information just provided, AS SEEN HERE or (c) the speaker is leaving. さてis not used in casual situations. </div>
<br></br> One day, a rabbit and a turtle raced. Well now, which one won the race do you suppose?
<div> さて、もう遅いですだら、今日はこれで失礼します。 </div>
<div> (S1.) さて、S2. "well; now; well now" さて always occurs at the beginning of a sentence and signals that (a) the speaker/writer is beginning a new topic (the new topic and the previous topic may be part of the same discourse) (b) the speaker/writer is going to ask a question about the information just provided, or (c) the speaker is leaving. AS SEEN HERE さてis not used in casual situations. </div>
<br></br> Well, its already late, so I’m going to excuse myself for today.
<div> 古代のヨーロッパはローマを中心として発展した。 </div>
<div> N を 中心 {と/に} (して） "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." Nを中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify verbs. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N. </div>
<br></br> Ancient Europe developed with Rome at its center.
<div> 地球や火星、木星、金星などの惑星は、太陽を中心として回っている </div>
<div> N を 中心 {と/に} (して） "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." Nを中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify verbs. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N. </div>
<br></br> The planets Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Venus, etc. go around their center, the sun.
<div> 示教に熱心な信者は、示教活動を中心に生活をしている。 </div>
<div> N を 中心 {と/に} (して） "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." Nを中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify verbs. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N. </div>
<br></br> The most fervent followers of religions center their lives around religious activities.
<div> 台風が近いづいているため、九州を中心に大雨が降っている。 </div>
<div> N を 中心 {と/に} (して） "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." Nを中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify verbs. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N. </div>
<br></br> Due to the approaching typhoon, heavy rain is falling, centered in Kyushu.
<div> 私は、最近、日本の若者言語を中心とした言語の研究をしています。 </div>
<div> N1を中心(と/に)した N2 (= N1中心のN2) "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." N1を中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify nouns. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N. </div>
<br></br> Lately, I am making the language of young Japanese people the focus of my language research.
<div> 日本と私の国は、朝と夜が逆だ。いま、こちらは午後９時だが、日本は午前１０時だ。 </div>
<div> X は 逆 だ。 "be opposite; the other way" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended. </div>
<br></br> The mornings and evenings in my country are opposite that of Japan. Here it is 9PM, but in Japan it is 10AM.
<div> 私と両親の教えはいつも逆だ。どうしてこんなに意見が違うのだろう。 </div>
<div> X は 逆 だ。 "be opposite; the other way" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended. </div>
<br></br> My ideas and my parents, ideas are always opposite. Why do we have such different opinions on things?
<div> ダイエットのために運動を始めたら、おなかが空いてたくさん食べてしまい、逆に太ってしまった。 </div>
<div> 逆 に V。 "in the opposite direction; the other way; the wrong way; contrary to one's expectations; contrary to one's intention; conversely" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended. </div>
<br></br> When I started exercising to lose weight, I got hungry and ate a lot, so I gained weight contrary to my intention.
<div> 日本語で数字を１００から逆に数えてみて下さい。 </div>
<div> 逆 に V。 "in the opposite direction; the other way; the wrong way; contrary to one's expectations; contrary to one's intention; conversely" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended. </div>
<br></br> Try counting backwards (lit. numbers in the opposite direction) from 100 in Japanese, please.
<div> 一方通行の道だということを知らないで、逆の方向に進んでしまい、警察につかまってしまった。 </div>
<div> 逆 の N。 "opposite N; the reverse of N" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended. </div>
<br></br> I went against traffic, not realizing it was a one-way street, and ended up getting pulled over by the police.
<div> あの映画は面白いはずだよ。映画先行の友達が3回も見たって言ってたから。 </div>
<div> {V/A} -plainはず seen here ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun. </div>
<br></br> That movie must be interesting because my friend majoring in film studies told me that he’d seen it three times.
<div> その本なら、大学の図書館に行けば、あるはずだよ。 </div>
<div> {V/A} -plainはず seen here ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun. </div>
<br></br> That book? They should have it at the university library - I’ve borrowed it before.
<div> 田中さんからメールの返事ができない。送ったはずのメールが届かなかったようだ。 </div>
<div> {V/A} -plainはず seen here ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun. </div>
<br></br> Mr. Tanaka hasn’t replied to my e-mail. I’m sure I sent it, but it looks like it didn’t reach him.
<div> 今月の家賃を払ったはずなのに、大家さんにまだもらっていないと言われた。変だなあ。 </div>
<div> {V/A} -plainはず seen here ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun. </div>
<br></br> I know I already paid my rent for this month, but my landlord told me he hasn’t gotten it yet. How weird.
<div> その野球選手は、道具を作って切れた人たちのことを教えたら、バットを打ったり、グローブを投げたりするなんてできるはずがないと言った。 </div>
<div> {V/A} -plainはず seen here ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun. </div>
<br></br> That baseball player said that if one thinks about the people who made the equipment, he’d never be able to do something so callous as break a bat or throw a glove.
<div> この点について、もう一度、説明していただきませんか。 </div>
<div> DemA点 "point; aspect; viewpoint; respect" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint." </div>
<br></br> Would you please explain this point once more?
<div> この留学プログラムは、ホームステイができるという点が、セールスポイントですね。 </div>
<div> N {という/の} 点で (は） "in terms of ~; with regard to ~; with respect to ~" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint." </div>
<br></br> The fact that this study abroad program provides students with the opportunity to do a homestay is one of its selling points, isn’t it?
<div> 店に行かなくても買い物ができるという点が、ネットショッピングに人気がある点です。 </div>
<div> DemA点 "point; aspect; viewpoint; respect" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint." </div>
<br></br> The fact that you can shop without going to the store is one of the factors contributing to online shopping’s popularity.
<div> サービスという点では、日本のデパートは最高だ。 </div>
<div> N {という/の} 点で (は） "in terms of ~; with regard to ~; with respect to ~" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint." </div>
<br></br> Japanese departments stores are the best in terms of service.
<div> この車はガソリンがなくても走れるという点で環境(environment) にいいですが、値段が高いです。 </div>
<div> S + という点で "in that ~" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint." </div>
<br></br> This car is good to the environment in that it doesn’t need gasoline to run, but it is expensive.
<div> 漢字を覚えば覚えほど、単語の数がますます増えて、ますます日本語が分かるようになります。 </div>
<div> ますます(~)V "more and more; -er and -er; increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。 </div>
<br></br> The more you memorize kanji, the more and more the number of your vocabulary will increase, and you will come to understand Japanese even more.
<div> 台風が近づいてきたので、風がますます強くなってきた。 </div>
<div> ますます A-stem くなる increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。 </div>
<br></br> Because a typhoon drew near, the wind grew stronger and stronger.
<div> デートをし始めて、彼のことがますます好きになった。 </div>
<div> ますます Adv "more and more; -er and -er; increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。 </div>
<br></br> I’ve come to like him even more since we started dating.
<div> 話すのは速すぎので、ますますゆっくり話すようにする。 </div>
<div> ますます Adv "more and more; -er and -er; increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。 </div>
<br></br> I talk too fast, I’m trying to talk increasingly slower.
<div> 歌の次にダンスが始まりました。すると、ますますたくさんの人が集まってきました。 </div>
<div> ますます Adv "more and more; -er and -er; increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。 </div>
<br></br> After the singing ended, the dancing began, and more and more people gathered around.
<div> この作文は、コンピュータで書き直して、来週の月曜日に出して下さい。 </div>
<div> V-masu 直す "again, re-V" 直す, when attached to the masu-stems of verbs, creates compound verbs with the meaning "again; re-." </div>
<br></br> Use the computer to rewrite this essay, then turn it in monday of next week.
<div> 分からないときは、もう一度、読み直してみるといいですよ。 </div>
<div> V-masu 直す "again, re-V" 直す, when attached to the masu-stems of verbs, creates compound verbs with the meaning "again; re-." </div>
<br></br> When you don’t understand something, it helps to read it one more time.
<div> ビデオの日本語が分からなかったので、もう一度、聞き直したら、今度はよくわかった。 </div>
<div> V-masu 直す "again, re-V" 直す, when attached to the masu-stems of verbs, creates compound verbs with the meaning "again; re-." </div>
<br></br> I didn’t understand the Japanese in the video, so I watched it over again, and this time I got it.
<div> 今、ちょっと忙しくて、電話で話してられないから、後で私からかけなおしてもいい？ </div>
<div> V-masu 直す "again, re-V" 直す, when attached to the masu-stems of verbs, creates compound verbs with the meaning "again; re-." </div>
<br></br> I’m a little busy right now, so I can’t talk on the phone any longer. Can I call you back later?
<div> 黒澤明の「七人の侍」という映画は面白いことは面白いけど、ちょっと長すぎると思う。 </div>
<div> {V/A} - plain.aff ことは {V/A}-plain.aff (が／けれど） "It is certainly true that~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark. </div>
<br></br> Akira Kurosawa’s The Seven Samurai is an interesting enough movie, but I think it’s a little too long.
<div> 作文を書いたことは書いたけれど、まだ間違いがたくさんあるから書き直さなくてはいけない。 </div>
<div> {V/A} - plain.aff ことは {V/A}-plain.aff (が／けれど） "It is certainly true that~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark. </div>
<br></br> I have written my composition, but there are still lots of errors and I need to do a rewrite.
<div> 私はテニスをすることはしますが、あまり上手じゃありません。 </div>
<div> {V/A} - plain.aff ことは {V/A}-plain.aff (が／けれど） "It is certainly true that~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark. </div>
<br></br> I do play tennis, but I’m not very good at it.
<div> このアパートは駅に近くて便利なことは便利だけれど、家賃はとても高いです。 </div>
<div> ANa {な/だった} ことは ANa {だ/だった} が "It is certainly true that ~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark. </div>
<br></br> It’s true that this apartment is close to the station and is convenient, but the rent is really high.
<div> あの人は、いい人はいい人だけど、ちょっとがんこ(stubborn)だね。 </div>
<div> NP は NP {だ／だった}が [alternatively: NP {だった}ことは NP {だ/だった} が] "It is certainly true that ~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark. </div>
<br></br> Sure, he’s a good person, but he’s a little stubborn.
<div> 友達が手伝ってくれたおかげで、仕事が早く終わった。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-plain おかげ "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. </div>
<br></br> Thanks to my friend helping me out, work ended early.
<div> 大学院で勉強できるのは、授業料を払ってくれる兄のおかげだ。 </div>
<div> N {の/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} おかげ "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. </div>
<br></br> It is due to my elder brother, who pays my tuition, that I’m able to go to graduate school.
<div> 昨日、学校へ行く途中で交通事故にあったが、シートベルトのおかげで、命が助かった。 </div>
<div> N {の/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} おかげ "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. </div>
<br></br> Yesterday on the way to school I was in a traffic accident; however, thanks to my seat belt, my life was saved.
<div> ハンサムなせいで、うそを信じて、ばかなことをしました。 </div>
<div> ANa {な/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} せい／おかげ "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. </div>
<br></br> Because he was handsome, I believed his lies and did foolish things.
<div> シートベルトのおかげで、大丈夫でした。 </div>
<div> N {の/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} おかげ "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. </div>
<br></br> Thanks to the seatbelt, I was ok.
<div> ゆうべ飲み過ぎたせいで、朝から頭がガンガンする。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-plain せい "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. </div>
<br></br> I drank too much alst night, so my head has been throbbing since this morning.
<div> 犬のせいじゃない！ </div>
<div> N {の/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} せい "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. </div>
<br></br> It’s not because (the fault of) the dog!
<div> 1日中コンピュータを使っているせいで、目が悪くなってしまった。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-plain せい "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. </div>
<br></br> Because I use a computer all day long, my eyesight has gotten worse.
<div> A: チームが負けたのは、ピッチャーが弱かったせいだ。B: そんなことないよ。ピッチャだけのせいじゃないよ。 </div>
<div> {V/A}-plain せい "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. </div>
<br></br> A: The team lost because the pitcher’s not good. B: That’s not true! It wasn’t just the pitcher’s fault.
<div> 「とびら」で勉強するようになって、学生たちは日本語がどんどん上手になってきた。 </div>
<div> どんどん-V "at a fast pace; one after another; keep V-ing vigorously; with no hesitation; with no delay" どんどん expresses the idea that something proceeds from one stage to the next or continues to happen at a fast pace with no delay, or that someone keeps doing something with no hesitation. In some situations both ますますand どんどん can be used, bearing in mind that ますます does not convey the idea that something happens at a fast pace and cannot describe a controllable future action. </div>
<br></br> Since we started using Tobira, the students’ Japanese has been getting better by leaps and bounds.
<div> 地球温暖化のせいで、グリーンランドの氷がどんどん溶けて(to melt)いるそうだ。 </div>
<div> どんどん-V "at a fast pace; one after another; keep V-ing vigorously; with no hesitation; with no delay" どんどん expresses the idea that something proceeds from one stage to the next or continues to happen at a fast pace with no delay, or that someone keeps doing something with no hesitation. In some situations both ますますand どんどん can be used, bearing in mind that ますます does not convey the idea that something happens at a fast pace and cannot describe a controllable future action. </div>
<br></br> I heard that due to global warming the ice around Greenland is melting at a fast pace.
<div> 日食(solar eclipse)を見ているうちに、どんどん空が暗くなってきて、ついに真っ暗になってしまった。 </div>
<div> どんどん-V "at a fast pace; one after another; keep V-ing vigorously; with no hesitation; with no delay" どんどん expresses the idea that something proceeds from one stage to the next or continues to happen at a fast pace with no delay, or that someone keeps doing something with no hesitation. In some situations both ますますand どんどん can be used, bearing in mind that ますます does not convey the idea that something happens at a fast pace and cannot describe a controllable future action. </div>
<br></br> As I watched the solar eclipse, the sky got rapidly darker and darker and finally became pitch black.
<div> 分からなかったら、どんどん質問してください。フィードバックもどんどんしてくださいね。 </div>
<div> どんどん-V "at a fast pace; one after another; keep V-ing vigorously; with no hesitation; with no delay" どんどん expresses the idea that something proceeds from one stage to the next or continues to happen at a fast pace with no delay, or that someone keeps doing something with no hesitation. In some situations both ますますand どんどん can be used, bearing in mind that ますます does not convey the idea that something happens at a fast pace and cannot describe a controllable future action. </div>
<br></br> If you don’t understand, don’t hestitate to ask questions. Don’t be afraid to give me feedback, either, ok?
<div> 私はもう５回も日本に行っています。行くたびに、新しいことを学んで帰ります。 </div>
<div> V-plain.non-past たびに "every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time. </div>
<br></br> I’ve been to Japan as many as five times now and, each time I go there, I come back with new knowledge.
<div> ポチは僕が大学に入る前はまだ子供だったのに、休みに家に帰るたびに、どんどん大きくなっている。 </div>
<div> V-plain.non-past たびに "every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time. </div>
<br></br> Before I went off to college, Pochi was still just a puppy, but every time I come home for break he’s gotten so much bigger.
<div> 私の大学のチームは試合に出るたびに、負けてしまう。もっと強くなってほしいなあ。 </div>
<div> V-plain.non-past たびに "every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time. </div>
<br></br> My university’s team loses every match they have. I whish they’d get better.
<div> 母が病気なので、休みのたびに家に帰るようにしています。 </div>
<div> Nのたびに "every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time. </div>
<br></br> My mother’s sick, so every time we have a break I try to go home.
<div> 彼は、デートのたびにおいしいレストランに連れて行ってくれる。 </div>
<div> Nのたびに "every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time. </div>
<br></br> He takes me to a good restaurant every time we go out on a date.
<div> とうとう博士論文が完成した。5年もかかってしまった。 </div>
<div> とうとう V "finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal. </div>
<br></br> My doctoral dissertation is finally complete. It took me five whole years.
<div> 子供の時から長い間練習し続けて、とうとうオリンピックに参加することができた。 </div>
<div> とうとう V "finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal. </div>
<br></br> I’ve been practicing ever since I was a child, and now at last I’m getting to compete in the Olympics.
<div> 彼は、その数学の問題を何時間も教えたが、答えが分からなかったので、とうとうあきらめてしまった。 </div>
<div> とうとう V "finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal. </div>
<br></br> He spent hours thinking about that math problem, but he couldn’t come up with the answer, so in the end he gave up.
<div> 彼は医者のアドバイスを聞かないでタバコを吸い続け、とうとう肺がん(lung cancer)になってしまった。 </div>
<div> とうとう V "finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal. </div>
<br></br> He ignored the doctor’s advice and kept smoking, and eventually he ended up with lung cancer.
<div> 15年も飼っていた犬が、年を取ってとうとう死んでしまったので、とても悲しい。 </div>
<div> とうとう V "finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal. </div>
<br></br> I’m really sad because the dog I’ve had for 15 long years has finally died.
<div> この漢字の書き方は、覚えても覚えなくてもいいです。 </div>
<div> V-te も V-nai なくても "Whether V or not" </div>
<br></br> It doesn’t matter whether or not you memorize the way to write this kanji.
<div> 書いてあることが分かっても分からなくても、とにかく最後まで読んでみましょう。 </div>
<div> V-te も V-nai なくても "Whether V or not" </div>
<br></br> Whether or not you understand what’s written, try to read all the way to the end.
<div> 犬は外でトイレをするから、天気がよくてもよくなくても、毎日散歩に連れて行かなくてはいけない。 </div>
<div> A-te も A-nai なくても "whether A or not" </div>
<br></br> Dogs go to the toilet outside, so whether it’s nice out or not you have to take them for a walk every day.
<div> この映画は子供でも子供 {じゃ/で} なくても、楽しめます。 </div>
<div> {ANa/ANo/N} でも {ANa/ANo/N} {じゃ／で} なくても "whether X or not" </div>
<br></br> Whether you’re a kid or not, you can enjoy this film.
<div> このアパートは家賃が安いから、静かでも静か {じゃ/で} なくても、借りようと思っています。 </div>
<div> {ANa/ANo/N} でも {ANa/ANo/N} {じゃ／で} なくても "whether X or not" </div>
<br></br> The rent for this apartment is cheap, so whether it’s quiet or not I’m thinking about renting it.
<div> 日本の代表的な伝統系能に、能と狂言がある。前者は悲劇で後者は喜劇だ。 </div>
<div> 前者は（〜）{V-te/A-te/ANa で/N で/}、後者は〜 "The former ~, and the latter ~" This sentence structure is used to refer separately to the two things, people, etc. mentioned in the previous sentence. </div>
<br></br> Among the traditional performing arts of Japan are Noh and Kyougen. The former is a tragedy and the latter is a comedy.
<div> 日本のお城と言えば、姫路城や大阪城が有名だ。全種は兵庫県にあって、後者は大阪府にある。 </div>
<div> 前者は（〜）{V-te/A-te/ANa で/N で/}、後者は〜 "The former ~, and the latter ~" This sentence structure is used to refer separately to the two things, people, etc. mentioned in the previous sentence. </div>
<br></br> When it comes to Japanese castles, Himeji Castle and Osaka Castle are famous. The former is in Hyogo prefecture and the latter is in Osaka prefecture.
<div> 手塚治虫が描いた漫画では「ジャングル大帝」や「ブラックジャック」が人気がある。前者は白いライオンの話で、後者はどんな病気でも直すことができる医者の話だ。 </div>
<div> 前者は（〜）{V-te/A-te/ANa で/N で/}、後者は〜 "The former ~, and the latter ~" This sentence structure is used to refer separately to the two things, people, etc. mentioned in the previous sentence. </div>
<br></br> Among the manga Tezuka Osamu wrote, Kimba the White Lion and Black Jack are popular. The former is the story of a white lion and the latter is the story of a doctor who can cure any disease.
<div> この大学には、韓国、中国、台湾、といったアジアの国々からの留学生がたくさんいる。 </div>
<div> N1 {や／、} N2 {や／、} といった {N/NP} "like; such as N" といった X is used to present examples of X. X is always a noun or noun phrase. といった may be preceded by nouns, noun phrases and sentences. * If preceded by nouns, 2+ nouns are presented ** If preceded by sentences or phrases, only one sentence or phrase is presented. などのN and のような N are similar in meaning, but they are usually not preceded by sentences. </div>
<br></br> There are many international students from Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Taiwan at this university.
<div> 日本語が上手に話せるようになるには、丁寧な話し方やくだけた話し方、敬語といったスピーチレベルが違う話し方の練習もしなければならない。 </div>
<div> Phr1(、Phr2,~)といった {N/NP} [in this structure, Phr could also be a sentence] "like; such as N" といった X is used to present examples of X. X is always a noun or noun phrase. といった may be preceded by nouns, noun phrases and sentences. * If preceded by nouns, 2+ nouns are presented ** If preceded by sentences or phrases, only one sentence or phrase is presented. などのN and のような N are similar in meaning, but they are usually not preceded by sentences. </div>
<br></br> In order to improve one’s skill in speaking Japanese, it is necessary to practice speech styles in a variety of different registers, from polite speech to casual speech to honorific speech.
<div> どの国の言葉でも、丁寧になればなる補文が長くなるといった傾向がある。 </div>
<div> Phr1(、Phr2,~)といった {N/NP} [in this structure, Phr could also be a sentence] "like; such as N" といった X is used to present examples of X. X is always a noun or noun phrase. といった may be preceded by nouns, noun phrases and sentences. * If preceded by nouns, 2+ nouns are presented ** If preceded by sentences or phrases, only one sentence or phrase is presented. などのN and のような N are similar in meaning, but they are usually not preceded by sentences. </div>
<br></br> No matter what language, the higher the level of politeness, the longer the sentence tends to become.
<div> 日本の義務教育は小学校が6年、中学校が3年である。一方私の組んでは、小学校だけが義務教育で、中学校から入ってもいかなくてもいい。しかし、ほとんどの子供たちは中学校に進学(to go on to)する。 </div>
<div> S1 一方（で）、S2. "While; when; at the same time; on the other hand" The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language. </div>
<br></br> Compulsory education in Japan is made up of six years of elementary school and three of middle school. On the other hand, in my country only elementary school is compulsary, and schooling is optional from middle school on. Still, most students go on to middle school.
<div> カタカナは外国から日本に入ってきた言葉や、動物、桜の名前など、特別な名詞に使われます。一方、ひらがなは、助詞や文末、送り仮名などに使われることが多いです。 </div>
<div> S1 一方（で）、S2. "While; when; at the same time; on the other hand" The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language. </div>
<br></br> Katakana is used to write foreign loan words and certain nounds such as animal and flower names. Hiragana, on the other hand, is used mostly for particles, sentence endings, and okurigana (i.e., hiragara that follow kanji when they represent a single word, as in 大きい).
<div> 日本に留学したいと思う一方、外国に住むことに不安もある。 </div>
<div> S1 一方（で）、S2. "While; when; at the same time; on the other hand" The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language. </div>
<br></br> While I think I want to be an exchange student in Japan, I’m a little nervous about living in a foreign country.
<div> 子供たちの学力が低下する一方で、受験戦争はますます激しくなっている。 </div>
<div> S1 一方（で）、S2. "While; when; at the same time; on the other hand" The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language. </div>
<br></br> While children’s academic skills decline, the entrance exam wars become more and more fierce.
<div> 勉強が忙しい一方で、学費(tuition)のためにアルバイトもしなければならないから、毎日本当に大変だ。 </div>
<div> S1 一方（で）、S2. "While; when; at the same time; on the other hand" The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language. </div>
<br></br> While I’m busy with my studies, at the same time I have to work a part-time job to pay my tuition, so every day is a real struggle.
<div> 日本語を勉強してみたいと思う。一方、フランス語もいいね。 </div>
<div> S1. 一方(で) 、S2. [S1 could be a VN] "On the other hand," The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language. </div>
<br></br> I think I would like to learn Japanese. On the other hand, French is nice too.
<div> 将来は、ヨーロッパ、あるいは、アジアで仕事ができたらいいと思っている。 </div>
<div> N1(、N2、〜）あるいは Nn "or; either ~ or ~" あるいは is used to connect alternatives. It is usually used in formal speech or written language. </div>
<br></br> I think it’d be nice if I can work in Europe or Asia in the future.
<div> この大学では、日本語、あるいは、英語で卒業論文を書くことになっている。 </div>
<div> N1(、N2、〜）あるいは Nn "or; either ~ or ~" あるいは is used to connect alternatives. It is usually used in formal speech or written language. </div>
<br></br> At this university, senior theses are expected to be written in either Japanese or English.
<div> メールを出すか、あるいは、電話をするか、どちらでもいいが、とにかく連絡しなくてはいけない。 </div>
<div> S1 か、あるいは、S２ か "or; either ~ or ~" あるいは is used to connect alternatives. It is usually used in formal speech or written language. </div>
<br></br> You may either send an e-mail or call me. Either way is fine, but you must contact me somehow.
<div> 就職しようか、あるいは、大学院に進んで勉強を続けようか、今、迷っている。 </div>
<div> S1 か、あるいは、S２ か "or; either ~ or ~" あるいは is used to connect alternatives. It is usually used in formal speech or written language. </div>
<br></br> Right now I’m torn between looking for work and going on to graduate school to continue my studies.
<div> バスがなかなか来ない。授業に遅れてしまいそうだ。困ったなあ。 </div>
<div> なかなか V-nai ない "not easily; not readily; difficult to~; slow to; to refuse to" なかなか with V-nai is usually used when something desirable doesn't happen easily or when something that is supposed to happen doesn't happen. </div>
<br></br> The bus just won’t come. It looks like I’ll be late for class. What should I do?
<div> 1年生の時は漢字がなかなか覚えられませんでしたが、今は、あまり時間をかけずに覚えられます。 </div>
<div> なかなか V-nai ない "not easily; not readily; difficult to~; slow to; to refuse to" なかなか with V-nai is usually used when something desirable doesn't happen easily or when something that is supposed to happen doesn't happen. </div>
<br></br> When I was a first-year student I had a hard time remembering kanji, but now I can memorize them without spending too much time.
<div> もう10年もピアノを練習しているが、なかなか上手に引けない。 </div>
<div> なかなか V-nai ない "not easily; not readily; difficult to~; slow to; to refuse to" なかなか with V-nai is usually used when something desirable doesn't happen easily or when something that is supposed to happen doesn't happen. </div>
<br></br> I’ve been practicing piano for then whole years now, but I still can’t play very well.
<div> コンサートがなかなか始まらないので、客が怒り出した。 </div>
<div> なかなか V-nai ない "not easily; not readily; difficult to~; slow to; to refuse to" なかなか with V-nai is usually used when something desirable doesn't happen easily or when something that is supposed to happen doesn't happen. </div>
<br></br> The concert is taking forever to begin, so the audience has started to get angry.
<div> 今年は12月になってもなかなか寒くならない。地球温暖化のせいだろうか。 </div>
<div> なかなか V-nai ない "not easily; not readily; difficult to~; slow to; to refuse to" なかなか with V-nai is usually used when something desirable doesn't happen easily or when something that is supposed to happen doesn't happen. </div>
<br></br> This year it just hasn’t gotten cold even though it’s already December. I wonder if it’s because of global warming.
<div> 来週、母の弟、つまり、叔父が中国から遊びに来ます。 </div>
<div> N1/NP1, つまり、N2/NP2 "That is (to say); in other words; namely; (that) means; you mean ~?" つまりis used to rephrase or restate what has just been mentioned or stated. </div>
<br></br> Next week, my mother’s younger brother - that is to say, my uncle - is coming to visit from China.
<div> 両親は20年前、つまり、私の生まれた年に結婚した。 </div>
<div> N1/NP1, つまり、N2/NP2 "That is (to say); in other words; namely; (that) means; you mean ~?" つまりis used to rephrase or restate what has just been mentioned or stated. </div>
<br></br> My parents got married 20 years ago - that is, in the year that I was born.
<div> 日本の伝統芸能というのは、つまり、日本の昔のコメディなんですね。 </div>
<div> N1/NP1, つまり、N2/NP2 "That is (to say); in other words; namely; (that) means; you mean ~?" つまりis used to rephrase or restate what has just been mentioned or stated. </div>
<br></br> So, in other words, the Japanese traditional performing art kyogen is Japan’s old (form of) comedy, right?
<div> 受験戦争というのは、つまり、いい学校に入るために、戦争のように勉強で競争することです。 </div>
<div> N/NP （というの）は、つまり〜{だ／（という）ことだ} "That is (to say); in other words; namely; (that) means; you mean ~?" つまりis used to rephrase or restate what has just been mentioned or stated. </div>
<br></br> In other words, the term “entrance exam war” describes the war-like academic competeition to get into a good school.
<div> 登校拒否というのは、つまり、いじめなど理由で学校に行かなくなるという意味です。 </div>
<div> N/NP （というの）は、つまり〜{だ／（という）ことだ} "That is (to say); in other words; namely; (that) means; you mean ~?" つまりis used to rephrase or restate what has just been mentioned or stated. </div>
<br></br> In other words, “school refusal” means students’ refusal to go to school due to bullying or some similar reason.
<div> 学生たちは、先生とだけでなく、一般の日本人とも日本語で話したいはずです。そこで、日本人の留学生のグループとパーティをすることにしました。 </div>
<div> S1, そこで, S2. "Because of that; therefore; so" そこで is used to indicate and action (to be) taken because of the situation presented in S1. それで may replace そこで そこで may only replace それで when S2 is a controllable action. ex. 寒かった。それで、見に来た人が少なかった。 only それで can be used here. </div>
<br></br> We’re sure students want to speak Japanese not only with their teachers, but with ordinary Japanese as well. Because of this, we’ve decided to set up a party for them with a group of students from Japan.
<div> 将来、小学校の先生になりたいと思っています。そこで、ボランティアで子供達を教えてみることにしました。 </div>
<div> S1, そこで, S2. "Because of that; therefore; so" そこで is used to indicate and action (to be) taken because of the situation presented in S1. それで may replace そこで そこで may only replace それで when S2 is a controllable action. ex. 寒かった。それで、見に来た人が少なかった。 only それで can be used here. </div>
<br></br> I’m thinking that I want to become an elementary school teacher in the future, so I’ve decided to try teaching children on a volunteer basis.
<div> もうすぐクリスマスです。そこで、日本のホストファミリーに何かプレゼントを贈りたいと思っているのですが、どんなものを送ったらいいでしょうか。 </div>
<div> S1, そこで, S2. "Because of that; therefore; so" そこで is used to indicate and action (to be) taken because of the situation presented in S1. それで may replace そこで そこで may only replace それで when S2 is a controllable action. ex. 寒かった。それで、見に来た人が少なかった。 only それで can be used here. </div>
<br></br> It’ll be Christmas pretty soon, so I’d like to send my host family in Japan some kind of present. What do you think I should send?
<div> 一生懸命に就職活動をしたが、日本の会社に就職できなかった。そこで、だいがくいんにすすむことにした。 </div>
<div> S1, そこで, S2. "Because of that; therefore; so" そこで is used to indicate and action (to be) taken because of the situation presented in S1. それで may replace そこで そこで may only replace それで when S2 is a controllable action. ex. 寒かった。それで、見に来た人が少なかった。 only それで can be used here. </div>
<br></br> I worked my hardest to hunt for a job, but I wasn’t able to get a job at a Japanese company, so I decided to continue on to graduate school.
<div> 私はウニ以外の寿司は、何でも食べられる。 </div>
<div> {N1/DemP} 以外の N2 "but; except; other than; besides" X以外のY means "Y, excluding X." のY is often omitted. </div>
<br></br> I can eat any sushi except sea urchin.
<div> それ以外の日 </div>
<div> {N1/DemP} 以外の N2 "but; except; other than; besides" X以外のY means "Y, excluding X." のY is often omitted. </div>
<br></br> any day but that one
<div> A: 今度のミーティングは金曜日でいいですか。 B: あ、すみません。その日はちょっと、、、。それ以外の日にしていただけませんか。 </div>
<div> {N1/DemP} 以外の N2 "but; except; other than; besides" X以外のY means "Y, excluding X." のY is often omitted. </div>
<br></br> A: Is Friday fine for our next meeting? B: Oh, I’m sorry, Friday is not goo for me. Could we make it another day?
<div> このクラスは、田中さん以外は、誰も外国に行ったことがないそうだ。 </div>
<div> {N/DemP} 以外に "Besides N/DemP" X以外に means "besides X" and に is sometimes omitted. </div>
<br></br> I heard that, except for Ms. Tanaka, no one in this class has been around.
<div> 週末は、勉強以外に、テニスをしたり映画を見たりします。 </div>
<div> {N/DemP} 以外に "Besides N/DemP" X以外に means "besides X" and に is sometimes omitted. </div>
<br></br> Besides studying, I do things like play tennis and watch movies on the weekend.
<div> 私は楽器は、ギター以外引いたことがない。 </div>
<div> {N/DemP} 以外に "Besides N/DemP" X以外に means "besides X" and に is sometimes omitted. </div>
<br></br> I’ve never played any instrument but the guitar.
<div> どんなに大変でも、日本語の勉強は決してやめない。 </div>
<div> 決してV-nai { ない／なかった} 決して V-masu {ません／ませんでした} "Never; by no means; not~ at all; not ~ in the least; definitely not" expresses strong negation of an idea, situation, possibility, etc. or strong prohibition </div>
<br></br> No matter how hard it gets, there’s no way I’ll give up studying.
<div> 今日の試験は決してやさしくありませんでしたが、みんなよくできていました。 </div>
<div> 決して A-nai {ない／なっかた／ありません／ありませんでした} This grammar expresses strong negation of an idea, situation, possibility, etc. or strong prohibition. </div>
<br></br> The test today was by no means easy, but everyone did very well.
<div> 彼は決して悪い人間ではない。ちょっとわがままな(selfish)だけだ。 </div>
<div> 決して{ANa/ANo/N} {では/じゃ} { ない／なかった／ありません／ありませんでした} </div>
<br></br> He’s not a bad person by any measure; he’s just a little selfish.
<div> 危ないですから、このフィンスの中に決して入ってはいけませんよ。 </div>
<div> 決して{ANa/ANo/N} {では/じゃ} { ない／なかった／ありません／ありませんでした} </div>
<br></br> It’s dangerous, so you absolutely must not enter into this fenced area.
<div> アルバイトで忙しいという理由で、学校を休む学生がいます。 </div>
<div> S-plain という理由で "because" (lit. for the reason that~) is used to present the reason for a state, event, or action stated in the main clause. The phrase is usually used in written language. </div>
<br></br> There are students who skip school because they’re too busy with their part-time jobs.
<div> 登録した学生が少ないという理由で、その授業はキャンセルされてしまいました。 </div>
<div> S-plain という理由で "because" (lit. for the reason that~) is used to present the reason for a state, event, or action stated in the main clause. The phrase is usually used in written language. </div>
<br></br> Because there were too few students registered for it, that class ended up being cancelled.
<div> このゲーム機は、安くて使いやすいという理由で、よく売れているそうだ。 </div>
<div> S-plain という理由で "because" (lit. for the reason that~) is used to present the reason for a state, event, or action stated in the main clause. The phrase is usually used in written language. </div>
<br></br> I hear that this game console is selling well due to its low price and user-friendliness.
<div> 日本では外国人だという理由で、アパートを貸してもらえないことがあるらしい。信じられない。 </div>
<div> S-plain という理由で "because" (lit. for the reason that~) is used to present the reason for a state, event, or action stated in the main clause. The phrase is usually used in written language. </div>
<br></br> Apparently, there are cases in Japan where foreigners cannot rent an apartment because they’re foreigners. It’s unbelievable.
<div> これらの問題についてもっと話し合ってみる必要がある。 </div>
<div> Demonstrative pronounら "these; those; they; -s; and others" [plural dem. pronouns can be used in polite speech] The plural marker ら is often used with demonstrative pronouns and certain personal pronouns. plural personal pronouns are not used in polite speech. </div>
<br></br> We need to discuss these problems more.
<div> それらの点についてもう一度調べてみるつもりです。 </div>
<div> Personal pronoun ら "these; those; they; -s; and others" [plural dem. pronouns can be used in polite speech] The plural marker ら is often used with demonstrative pronouns and certain personal pronouns. plural personal pronouns are not used in polite speech. </div>
<br></br> I intend to examine those points again.
<div> 彼らが言っていることはよく分からない。私たちの考えに反対なのだろうか。 </div>
<div> Personal pronoun ら "these; those; they; -s; and others" [plural dem. pronouns can be used in polite speech] The plural marker ら is often used with demonstrative pronouns and certain personal pronouns. plural personal pronouns are not used in polite speech. </div>
<br></br> I don’t really understand what they’re saying. I wonder if they are disagreeing with our idea.
<div> 男の子が興味を持つオタク文化に対して、カワイイ文化は女の子に人気があるようだ。 </div>
<div> Nに対して "whereas; on the other hand; in contrast" に対して is used when contrasting two actions, states, situations, etc. </div>
<br></br> It seems that in contrast to otaku culture, which mostly boys are interested in, kawaii culture is more popular among girls.
<div> 日本語は文法が難しいのに対して、中国語は発音が難しい。 </div>
<div> Sのに対して "whereas; on the other hand; in contrast" に対して is used when contrasting two actions, states, situations, etc. </div>
<br></br> Whereas the difficult part of Japanese is its grammar, the difficult part of Chinese is its pronunciation.
