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SBB REVIEW > Immunology & Genetics > Flashcards

Immunology & Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

two major mechanisms of the immune system

A

innate (natural) immunity and acquired (adaptive) immunity

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2
Q

innate (natural) immunity characteristics

A

present at birth, immediately responsive, non-specific

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3
Q

cells of the innate immune response

A

phagocytes: NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, and dendritic cells (note that these can also function as APCs in the adaptive response)

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4
Q

cells of the adaptive immune system

A

B & T lymphocytes, APCs (which can also act as phagocytes in the innate response)

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5
Q

two arms of the adaptive immune response

A

cellular (lymphocytes interacting with APCs) and humoral (antibody production)

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6
Q

adaptive immunity: naturally acquired active

A

developing immunity after exposure to a disease

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7
Q

adaptive immunity: naturally acquired passive

A

short term immunity from maternal antibodies passed to a fetus

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8
Q

adaptive immunity: artificially acquired active

A

developing immunity due to exposure to a vaccine

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9
Q

adaptive immunity: artificially acquired passive

A

short term immunization due to injection of antibodies

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10
Q

active vs passive adaptive immunity

A

active: an antigen is introduced and a specific antibody is formed, either natural from infection or induced from vaccination
passive: antibody is “given” to an individual (temporary, lasts as long as antibody remains active in circulation), either natural from maternal transfer of induced from injection

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11
Q

characteristics of lag and log phases of the primary (initial exposure) adaptive immune response

A
  1. lag phase (slow production of IgM antibody, can take days to weeks depending on antigenicity)
  2. log phase (steady production that plateaus and changes from IgM to IgG and then declines)
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12
Q

characteristics of the lag and log phases of the amnestic (repeat exposure) adaptive immune response

A
  1. lag phase (short rapid - hours to days - triggered by smaller amounts of antigen exposure to “primed” memory B cells
  2. log phase is increased/more drastic with a higher overall titer and longer plateau, primarily IgG produced
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13
Q

2 primary organs of the immune system & their function

A

where immune cells differentiate and mature

  1. bone marrow
  2. thymus (differentiation of T cells)
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14
Q

7 secondary organs of the immune system and their function

A

where immune cells interact with each other and antigens

  1. lymph nodes
  2. spleen
  3. liver
  4. tonsils
  5. adenoids
  6. appendix
  7. MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)
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15
Q

T helper cell functions and CD marker

A

CD3 (common) and CD4; recognize antigens presented by MHC class 2 receptors on APCs, produce cytokines, stimulate cytotoxic T cells, stimulate B cells to become plasma cells

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16
Q

T cytotoxic cell CD marker and functions

A

CD3 (common) and CD8; regulates immune response, interacts with MHC I receptors, destroys tumor cells and infected cells

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17
Q

B cells CD marker and functions

A

CD19, 20, 22; mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies or into memory B cells that participate in the amnestic immune response

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18
Q

hematopoietic stem cell CD marker

A

CD 33/34

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19
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction: mediator, onset duration, and example

A

IgE mediated
within 1 hour
anaphylaxis

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20
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity mediator, onset, and example

A

IgG or IgM (cytotoxic)
hours to days
hemolytic anemia

21
Q

type 3 hypersensitivity reaction mediator, onset, and example

A

immune complex mediated
1-3 weeks
lupus

22
Q

type 4 hypersensitivity reactions mediator, onset, and example

A

T cell/cytokine mediated
days to weeks
Rash

23
Q

interleukin broad definition

A

cytokine made by a WBC that acts on another WBC

24
Q

IL-2 function

A

promotes proliferation of activated T and B cells, activates NK cells

25
Q

factors affecting antigenicity

A
  1. size (>10,000 daltons)
  2. chemical compisition
  3. shape
  4. solubility
  5. foreignness to host
  6. route of exposure
  7. ability of host to mount an immune response
26
Q

macromolecule composition of immunoglobulins

A

82-96% protein, 4-18% carb

27
Q

variable region of immunoglobulin: location, function

A

amino terminal end (Fab region), antigen binding site

28
Q

constant region of immunoglobulin: location and function

A

carboxy terminal/ Fc region. Location of heavy chain that determines class, binds complement

29
Q

heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins are held together by

A

disulfide bonds (both within heavy chains and between heavy/light chains)

30
Q

IgG

  1. % of total serum immunoglobulin
  2. structure
  3. functions
  4. subclasses
  5. half life
  6. binds complement?
  7. crosses placenta?
A
  1. 80% of total serum immunoglobulins
  2. monomeric structure
  3. responds after IgM as a part of the amnestic response, enhances phagocytosis, inactivates viruses & kills bacteria
  4. IgG1 (most abundant), IgG2, IgG3, IgG4
  5. 25 day half life (IgG1 and 2), 7-8 days for IgG3, 21-23 days for IgG4
  6. TWO IGG MOLECULES ARE REQUIRED TO BIND COMPLEMENT (CLASSICAL PATHWAY)
  7. All subclasses cross the placenta
31
Q

IgM

  1. % of total serum immunoglobulin
  2. structure
  3. functions
  4. subclasses
  5. half life
  6. binds complement?
  7. crosses placenta?
A
  1. 5% of total serum immunoglobulins
  2. pentameric structure (has J chain, can be disrupted with 2ME or DTT)
  3. first Ig class produced by fetus, first Ig class produced in primary immune response, promotes lysis and phagocytosis
  4. IgM1 and IgM2
  5. 5-8 day half life
  6. BINDS COMPLEMENT - ONLY ONE MOLECULE REQUIRED
  7. does NOT cross placenta
32
Q

IgA

  1. % of total serum immunoglobulin
  2. structure
  3. functions
  4. subclasses
  5. half life
  6. binds complement?
  7. crosses placenta?
A
  1. 15% of total serum immunoglobulin
  2. monomeric structure in serum, dimeric structure (with J chain) in secretions
  3. first line of defense in secretions, made by epithelium
  4. IgA1 and IgA2
  5. 5-8 day half life
  6. Activates ALTERNATIVE complement pathway
  7. Does NOT cross the placenta
33
Q

IgD

  1. % of total serum immunoglobulin
  2. structure
  3. functions
  4. subclasses
  5. half life
  6. binds complement?
  7. crosses placenta?
A
  1. only trace amounts present in serum
  2. monomeric structure
  3. found of surface of unstimulated B cells, serves as receptor for antigens to start humoral differentiation
  4. no subclasses
  5. 2-3 day half life
  6. does not bind complement
  7. does not cross placenta
34
Q

IgE

  1. % of total serum immunoglobulin
  2. structure
  3. functions
  4. subclasses
  5. half life
  6. binds complement?
  7. crosses placenta?
A
  1. trace amounts in serum
  2. monomeric structure
  3. sits of surface of basophils, triggers release of histamine
  4. no subclasses
  5. 2 day half life
  6. does not bind complement
  7. does not cross placenta
35
Q

papain cleavage location

A

cleaves Fab region; leaves one Fc and two Fab segments

36
Q

pepsin cleavage location

A

leaves 1 Fc segment and 1 Fab segment (both Fab regions still attached)

37
Q

affinity vs avidity

A

affinity: strength of a single binding site
avidity: strength of the binding of the antibody overall
“the binding affinity is the strength of an interaction between two molecules, whereas avidity is the total strength of all non-covalent interactions between the two proteins”

38
Q

direct vs indirect hemagglutination

A

direct: antibody can crosslink red cells (IgM)
indirect: red cell is sensitized/coated by an antibody (IgG) and requires anti-IgG to be visible to the naked eye

39
Q

zeta potential

A

net negative charge on the surface of a red blood cell; antibodies must overcome this to directly agglutinate them (only IgM is capable of this)

40
Q

macrophages in the spleen have receptors for which part of an immunoglobulin?

A

Fc; Fab portion would be bound to antigen

41
Q

why do HLTA antibodies typically not cause red cell destruction?

A

low avidity; spleen macrophages can remove the coating immunoglobulin without actually destroying the red cell

42
Q

2 factors that affect clinical significance of an antibody

A
  1. temperature of reactivity (37/body temperature = more significant)
  2. affinity/avidity towards red cell antigen (stronger = more significant)
43
Q

2 main outcomes/goals of complement cascades

A
  1. opsonization

2. MAC formation

44
Q

autosomal dominant inheritance pattern

A

not affected by sex; appears in every generation; affected individuals transmit to half of their offspring, unaffected individuals do not transmit

45
Q

autosomal recessive inheritance pattern

A

not affected by sex; trait appears only in ~1/4th of siblings (does not appear in parents or their offspring)

46
Q

sex-linked dominant inheritance pattern

A

affected males will transmit to all daughters but not to sons
affected females will transmit to half of their children (either sex); however, monozygous females will transmit to all of their children

47
Q

sex-linked recessive inheritance pattern

A

affected males will transmit to all daughters but only half of sons

48
Q

hardy-weinberg equations

A
  1. p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, referring to GENOTYPE frequencies

2. p + q = 1, referring to GENE frequencies

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