Cardiac/Vascular Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

epicardium –> myocardium –> endocardium

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2
Q

Which layer of the heart is the muscular layer?

A

myocardium

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3
Q

Which tissue is a serous membrane with a dense fibrous layer that surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardium

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4
Q

What layer of the heart is composed of mesothelium and areolar tissue that coveres the outer surface of the heart?

A

epicardium

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5
Q

Which layer of the heart covers the inner surfaces of the heart, and is composed of endothelium and areolar tissue?

A

endocardium

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6
Q

In this layer of the heart, the blood vessels and nerves pass through it.

A

Epicardium (the outside)

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7
Q

Where in the cardiac muscle cells is the nucleus located?

A

in the center

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8
Q

True or False: cardiac muscle cells are striated, branched, and tightly connected by specialized jxns.

A

True

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9
Q

What is the name of the region where the ends of the cells are connected to another cell?

A

intercalated disk

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10
Q

The intercalated disc has what proteins to allow communication from cell –> cell?

A

gap jxns

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11
Q

These are accumulations of small muscle fibers that lack striations and intercalated disks.

A

Nodes

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12
Q

This is structure with non-contractile myocytes that originate at the AV node and terminate as Purkinje fibers.

A

bundle of His

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13
Q

Which bands of the sarcomere (H, I, Z, and A) shorten during contraction?

A

H, I, and Z (the sarcomere itself)

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14
Q

This layer of the heart valve is composed of loose connective tissue + endothelium and acts as a shock absorber.

A

Tunica spongiosa

“squishy sponge”

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15
Q

This layer of the heart valve is composed of dense fibrocollagenous plates, forming the core of the valve.

A

Tunica fibrosa

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16
Q

This layer of the heart valve is adjacent to the vetnricular or atrial surface of each valve, contains dense CT with elastic fibers, and continues into the chordae tendinae.

A

Tunica ventricularis

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17
Q

This is the network of collagen and elastin fibers that surrounds the myocardium, anchors the cardiac muscle fibers and 4 cardiac valves, and prevents overdilation of the valve openings.

A

Fibrous skeleton of the heart.

18
Q

This is the innermost layer of the blood vessel, composed of simple squamous epithelial tissue, and bounded by internal elastic membrane.

A

Tunica intima

19
Q

This is the middle layer of the blood vessel, composed of smooth muscle, and is present in large arteries.

A

Tunica media

20
Q

This is the membrane that separates the tunica media and adventitia.

A

External elastic membrane

21
Q

What tissues comprise the tunica adventitia?

A

collagen and elastic fibers.

22
Q

Which 2 important structures run within the tunica adventitia?

A

vasa vasorum and nervi vascualris

23
Q

This cell layer on the blood vessel acts as a barrier, maintains non-thrombogenic barrier between platelets and subendothelial tissue, modulates blood flow, cell growth, maintains ECM, lipoprotein metabolism, and immune responses

A

Endothelium

24
Q

In atherosclerosis, after there has been endothelial cell injury, what cells adhere and release cytokines?

A

macrophages

25
Q

The release of cytokines my macrophages causes hyperplasia of what layer of the vessel?

A

tunica intima

26
Q

The macrophages then oxidize and modify LDLs, forming what type of cells within smooth muscle in atherosclerosis?

A

Foam cells

27
Q

What then forms over the foam cells, which then calcified dystrophically?

A

fibrous cap

28
Q

In what arrangement is the elastic fibers arranged in the tunica media in elastic arteries, which allows for expansion and contraction to deal with pressure changes?

A

circumfrentially

29
Q

In these artieries, there are thin circumferential elastic fiber lamellae in the layers of the smooth muscle cells.

A

Muscular arteries

30
Q

What can cause the decrease of the lumen diameter in small muscular arteries, leading to HTN?

A

lipid accumulation in the tunica media

31
Q

These are short vessels that connect arterioles and venules.

A

Metarterioles

32
Q

What happens when the precapillary sphincters are contracted?

A

blood flow is constricted for 1 vessel to the venule, so the blood can be overall diverted to other vessels.

33
Q

This is the bypass of capillary beds via direct communication btwn arterioles and venules.

A

AV shunts

34
Q

What happens when AV shunts are contracted?

A

blood is diverted to capillary beds to generate heat loss (opposite happens when relaxed)

35
Q

These are capillary-like channels that are associated with macrophages.

A

Sinusoids

36
Q

These vessels are large collecting vessels with no tunica media with more pericytes than capillaries.

A

Post-capillary venules

37
Q

These vessels have a tunica media and drain into medium veins.

A

muscular venules

38
Q

These vessels get blood from venules, have valves, and have a thin intima and media.

A

Medium veins

39
Q

These vessels have a diameter > 10mm, have no valves, and have a thick elastic and collagenous adventitia layer

A

Large veins

40
Q

Which layer of the vessels makes up the valves?

A

intima

41
Q

True or False: lymph vessels have valves and a discontinuous basement membrane.

A

True