EAE3311 - Exam Prep - 3

Question 1

<p><strong><span>What is special about spiral/hooked bays?</span></strong></p>

Answer 1

<p><span>As an example of self organisation on larger scales the bay's curve follows a logarithmic spiral.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11aa}</span></p>

Question 2

<p><strong><span>What is R₀ in a spiral bay equation?</span></strong></p>

Answer 2

<p><span>R₀ is the length of a ray from the centre of the spiral to the shoreline.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ab}</span></p>

Question 3

<p><strong><span>What is alpha in a spiral bay equation?</span></strong></p>

Answer 3

<p><span>Alpha is the angle between R₀ and the shoreline.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ac}</span></p>

Question 4

<p><strong><span>What are Refracted waves?</span></strong></p>

Answer 4

<p><span>Waves that change direction as they pass through different media such as water of varying depths.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ad}</span></p>

Question 5

<p><strong><span>What are Diffracted waves?</span></strong></p>

Answer 5

<p><span>Wave crests in a wave train change direction bending when going around a barrier or through an opening.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ae}</span></p>

Question 6

<p><strong><span>What is a headland?</span></strong></p>

Answer 6

<p><span>Headlands are bits of rock that are flanked by water on three sides.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11af}</span></p>

Question 7

<p><strong><span>How are headlands formed?</span></strong></p>

Answer 7

<p><span>Headlands are formed when the sea attacks a section of coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ag}</span></p>

Question 8

<p><span>Definition</span></p>

<p><strong><span>Discordant coastline</span></strong></p>

Answer 8

<p><span>Coastline with different types of rock leading to the formation of headlands</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ah}</span></p>

Question 9

<p><strong><span>How do sea caves and undercutting start formation?</span></strong></p>

Answer 9

<p><span>With a line of weakness that allows for more rapid erosion.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ai}</span></p>

Question 10

<p><strong><span>How are wave cut platforms created?</span></strong></p>

Answer 10

<p><span>As the waves strike the base of the headland repeatedly, the waves erode not only the cliff but also the bench itself creating a wave cut platform.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11aj}</span></p>

Question 11

<p><strong><span>What are marine terraces? </span></strong></p>

Answer 11

<p><span>Old wave cut platforms.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ak}</span></p>

Question 12

<p><strong><span>What did sandstone cliffs form from?</span></strong></p>

Answer 12

<p><span>Old sand dunes. </span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11al}</span></p>

Question 13

<p><strong><span>How common are ICOLLs in australia?</span></strong></p>

Answer 13

<p><span>Australia is 21% of all global ICOLLs</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11am}</span></p>

Question 14

<p><strong><span>Why are ICOLLs important?</span></strong></p>

<p>2 points.</p>

Answer 14

<ul><li>ICOLLs tend to support a wide array of invertebrate and fish taxa </li><li>The functioning of ICOLL food webs are strongly influenced by entrance opening and closing regimes.</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11an}</span></p>

Question 15

<p><strong><span>What are the potential environmental impacts of artificially opening the ICOLLs?</span></strong></p>

<p>4 points.</p>

Answer 15

<ul> <li>Direct loss of habitat</li> <li>Increased sand shoaling</li> <li>Fish kills</li> <li>New conditions may promote the growth of things such as mangroves</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ao}</span></p>

Question 16

<p><strong><span>Why do fish kills occur when artificially opening ICOLLs?</span></strong></p>

Answer 16

<p><span>Fish kills can occur as a result of anoxic conditions in ICOLLs following artificial opening and rapid water level changes.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ap}</span></p>

Question 17

<p><strong><span>What is a barrier Island?</span></strong></p>

Answer 17

<p><span>Very long offshore deposits of sand that are parallel to the shoreline. That are not tied onto the shore in any way.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11aq}</span></p>

Question 18

<p><strong><span>How do barrier islands form?</span></strong></p>

Answer 18

<p><span>They are the remnants of old sand dunes when the sea level was lower.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ar}</span></p>

Question 19

<p><strong><span>What forms under salt marshes?</span></strong></p>

Answer 19

<p><span>Peat beds.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11as}</span></p>

Question 20

<p><strong><span>What is happening to barrier Islands?</span></strong></p>

Answer 20

<p><span>They are moving towards the shore and will eventually merge with the coast.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11at}</span></p>

Question 21

<p><strong><span>Why do deltas form?</span></strong></p>

Answer 21

<p><span>They form when rivers carry more sediment to the sea than the longshore currents can carry away. </span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11au}</span></p>

Question 22

<p><strong><span>What is a Bird foot delta?</span></strong></p>

Answer 22

<p><span>It is a river dominated delta</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11av}</span></p>

Question 23

<p><strong><span>What are most of Australia’s deltas?</span></strong></p>

Answer 23

<p><span>Tide dominated delta’s due to smaller rivers that are not going fast.<br></br>This happens because Australia is arid and flat.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11aw}</span></p>

Question 24

<p><strong><span>Emergent shoreline features?</span></strong></p>

Answer 24

<ul>Marine terraces<li>Stranded beach deposits</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ax}</span></p>

Question 25

<p><strong><span>Submergent shoreline features</span></strong></p>

Answer 25

<ul>Drowned beaches<li>Drowned river valleys</li><li>Submerged coastal dunes</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ay}</span></p>

Question 26

<p><strong><span>What is Bruun’s rule?</span></strong></p>

Answer 26

<p><span>The concept is that the entire beach profile will shift landward and upward in response to a rise in sea level.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11az}</span></p>

Question 27

<p><strong><span>How are large grains affected by Backwash?</span></strong></p>

Answer 27

<p><span>Larger grains sizes are more parable meaning less backwash</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11ba}</span></p>

Question 28

<p><strong><span>How much could beaches moved have inland by 2100?</span></strong></p>

Answer 28

<p><span>Possibly as much as 100m</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11bb}</span></p>

Question 29

<p><strong><span>How much of the total ocean area is the pacific?</span></strong></p>

Answer 29

<p><span>50.1%</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11bc}</span></p>

Question 30

<p><strong><span>How much of the total ocean area is the Atlantic? </span></strong></p>

Answer 30

<p><span>26%</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11bd}</span></p>

Question 31

<p><strong><span>How much of the total ocean area is the Indian ocean </span></strong></p>

Answer 31

<p><span>20.5%</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11be}</span></p>

Question 32

<p><strong><span>How much of the total ocean area is the Arctic?</span></strong></p>

Answer 32

<p><span>3.4%</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11bf}</span></p>

Question 33

<p><strong><span>What is a Sea?</span></strong></p>

<p>4 points.</p>

Answer 33

<ul> <li>Smaller and shallower than an ocean</li> <li>Composed of saltwater</li> <li>Partially enclosed by land</li> <li>Directly connected to the world ocean</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11bg}</span></p>

Question 34

<p><strong><span>Where does the continental margin stop?</span></strong></p>

Answer 34

<p><span>When the effects of the continent stop</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11bh}</span></p>

Question 35

<p><strong><span>What is a shelf break?</span></strong></p>

Answer 35

<p><span>Massive underwater cliff at the end of the continental shelf</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11bi}</span></p>

Question 36

<p><span>Key points</span></p>

<p><strong><span>Passive margins</span></strong></p>

Answer 36

<ul>Not on edge of plate<li>Little volcanism or earthquakes</li><li>Material is weathered from land and forms a broad wedge of sediment </li><li>Common in the atlantic</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11bj}</span></p>

Question 37

<p><span>Key points</span></p>

<p><strong><span>Active margins</span></strong></p>

<p>3 points.</p>

Answer 37

<ul>Occur where oceanic lithosphere is subducted beneath the edge of a continent<li>High level of volcanism and earthquake activity</li><li>Accretionary wedge can occur</li><li>Common in the pacific rim</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 11bk}</span></p>