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Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

Teach me a ton of terms.

1
Q

biological psychology is also called? Studies?

A

neurophysiology; the connections of bodily systems & behaviors
-helps us understand the link between the physical body and the brain

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2
Q

neuroscience

A

study of brain and nervous systems

-links experiences to a changing world with our actions and attitudes

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3
Q

nervous system

A

network of organs, nerves, & supportive systems that send & receive “messages” or neural signals to and from parts of the body

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4
Q

neurons

A

short distance communication between nerves

-activate and deactivate parts of the nervous system

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5
Q

hormones

A

long distance communication between nerves

-produced by endocrine glands to communicate with areas of the body that are beyond the nervous system

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6
Q

nervous system is composed of 2 things

A

gila and neurons

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7
Q

gila

A

support and protect neurons, control how they communicate.

  • smaller than neurons but a lot more of them
  • when they malfunction it may responsible for disease
  • in charge of neural pruning
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8
Q

neurons

A

basic cells of the nervous system

-groups of them form nerve fibers that communicate information with other types of cells

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9
Q

neural pruning

A

directed by the gila cells; it’s the destruction of certain neurons to increase the processing speed of the nervous system

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10
Q

inter-neurons

A

neurons that only communicate with other neurons to keep things going smoothly

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11
Q

afferent nerve fibers

A

send messages toward the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

efferent nerve fibers

A

send messages away from the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

sensory neurons

A

translate external stimuli into messages to be sent to the central nervous system for processing
ex. turning a page in a book

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14
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that send messages to muscle glands to activate the muscles as you prepare to use them

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15
Q

mirror neurons

A

activates when you observe an action being performed so you can go and perform it yourself

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16
Q

structure of the neurons have 3 things

A

dendrites, soma, and axon

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17
Q

dendrites

A

nerve cell structures that receive messages from other neurons
-look like tree roots & funnel messages elsewhere

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18
Q

soma or cell body

A

par of the neuron that keeps the cell alive & contains genetic material for the cell

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19
Q

axon

A

a long tube like structure that carries the message away from the soma on its way to another neuron

  • they can be narrow or short
  • several feet long or several feet short
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20
Q

nerves are

A

bundles of neurons

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21
Q

myelin sheeth

A

fatty substances that insulate the axon and enables efficient transmission
-divides axons into capsule like sections like sausage on a string

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22
Q

axon terminal aka terminal button or terminal end bulb

A

discharges & recycles neurotransmitters

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A

CHEMICAL messenger that transmits information from one neuron to the next

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24
Q

synapses

A

space between neurons that includes three structures, pre-synaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, post-synaptic neuron.

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25
Q

pre-synaptic neuron

A

terminal button to send signals

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26
Q

synaptic cleft or gap

A

small space between the axon terminal of a sending neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron

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27
Q

post-synaptic neuron

A

receptor sites on the dendrites of the receiving neuron

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28
Q

synaptic transmission

A

process by which one neuron communicates with another by using neurotransmitters

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29
Q

action potential

A

electrical message or neural impulse that flows along a neuron’s axon

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30
Q

2 types of messages that neurons send

A

excitatory “fire!!”

inhibitory “don’t fire”

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31
Q

threshold

A

point at which a neuron will respond to an action potential

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32
Q

fluid outside the neurons

A

contains electrically charged atoms K and Na, the movement of these neurons determines whether a neuron generates an action potential or not

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33
Q

resting potential

A

interactive neurons

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34
Q

depolarize

A

process by which an axon becomes more positive

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35
Q

all-or-nothing law

A

either a neuron fires or it doesn’t; there is no partial firing

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36
Q

re-polarize

A

process by which a neuron’s axon will return to the resting potential

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37
Q

absolute refractory period

A

when the neuron is at rest

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38
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

sac that contains neurotransmitters in the axon terminal

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39
Q

receptor site

A

sac that contains neurotransmitters in the axon terminal

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40
Q

stimulus threshold

A

point at which the neuron responds by changing its voltage

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41
Q

PSP (post-synaptic potential)

A

when the neuron changes voltage as a result of neurotransmitters from another neuron binding with it
-may generate an action potential of its own

42
Q

2 kinds of PSP

A

excitatory(ESPs) and inhibitory(IPSPs)

43
Q

re-uptake

A

reobsorption of neurotransmitters back into presynaptic neuron

44
Q

synaptic pruning

A

destruction of less active synapses to organize and improve efficiency of the neural connections

45
Q

multitasking neurotransmitters 5 types

A

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, agonist, GABA, antagonists.

-act like keys to the locks of receptor sites

46
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter involved in memory & muscle functions

47
Q

norepinephrine

A

responsible for learning and memory

48
Q

agonist

A

mimics or increases effects of neurotransmitters

49
Q

Gamma aminobutric acid (GABA)

A

nervous systems primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

50
Q

antagonists

A

block actions of the neurotransmitters

51
Q

Peripheral nervous system

-has 2 parts

A

miles and miles of nerves

-somatic & autonomic

52
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary movements of your muscles

53
Q

autonomic nervous system

-2 types

A

controls internal organs and glands

-sympathetic & parasympathetic

54
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares organs for vigorous activity

-to fight, flee, or freeze.

55
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms you & conserves bodily functions

56
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

57
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear liquid created in the brain’s ventricular system that supports & protects the CNS

  • transportation medium for hormones & carry away toxins
  • cradles the brain and reduces the net weight
58
Q

spinal cord

A

collection of neurons that run from the base of the brain down the back & is protected by the spinal column

59
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary mater responses that can initiate actions all by itself as well

60
Q

spinal reflexes

A

involuntary motor responses controlled by the spinal cord

61
Q

sympathetic functions

A

(prepares organs) - all the go

  • dilate pupils
  • inhibits salivation
  • accelerates heart
  • relaxes bronchi
  • inhibits digestive system
  • stimulates glucose released by the liver
  • relaxes bladder
62
Q

parasympathetic functions

A

(conserves body for energy) - all the stopping

  • constricts pupil
  • stimulates salivation
  • inhibits heart
  • constricts bronchi
  • stimulates digestive activity
  • stimulates gallbladder
  • contracts bladder
63
Q

lesion

A

natural or intentional destruction of brain tissue

64
Q

brainstem

A

hind & midbrain together; located between cerebral cortex and spinal cord.
-responsible for survival functions

65
Q

hindbrain

A

central intersection for nerves that come up through the spinal cord

66
Q

medulla

A

part of the hindbrain involved with breathing, heartbeat, and other essential functions, reflexive behaviors.

67
Q

pons

A

located above the medulla involved in relaying messages from the cerebral cortex & sleep arousal

68
Q

reticular formation

A

network of nerve fibers critical in sleep and wakefulness also helps you filter out or ignore what is not important

69
Q

cerebellum

A

involved in the development & coordination of movement

70
Q

midbrain

A

major relay station for audio & visual information & tracking movements

71
Q

forebrain

A

largest part of the brain;

  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • limbic system
  • cerebrum
72
Q

thalamus

A

sensory information excluding scent

  • sorts and distributes information to other parts of the brain.
  • how we notice and react to stimulus
73
Q

hypothalamus

A

detects need states and drives; fight or flight response and hunger

74
Q

limbic system

A

surrounds brainstem and governs emotions, stores and retrieves new memories

75
Q

amygdala

A

In temporal lobe, linked to the emotions of fear & anger. It helps guides our behavior.

76
Q

hippocampus

A

processes new memories

77
Q

cerebrum

A

thinking & language

78
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex, processes images

79
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex, processes sounds

80
Q

frontal lobe

A

personality (motor cortex), organization & planning

81
Q

parietal lobe

A

body sensation information; texture, warmth, weight, feeling, association areas critical for integration of information

82
Q

Left Brain functions

A
  • right-hand control
  • analytic thought
  • logic
  • reasoning
  • language
  • writing
  • science & math
  • number skills
83
Q

Right Brain functions

A
  • left-hand control
  • music awareness
  • art awareness
  • creativity
  • imagination
  • 3-D forms
  • holistic thought
  • intuition
  • insight
84
Q

plasticity

A

ability of the nervous system to adapt by creating new neural pathways

85
Q

Endocrine system; involves?

A

glands involved in releasing hormones into the blood stream

  • pineal
  • pituitary
  • adrenal (kidneys)
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • duodenum
  • ovary or testis
86
Q

endorphins

A

can reduce pain and promote pleasure

87
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrine systems master gland

88
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

measures the electrical activity in the brain

89
Q

Computed tomography scans (ST scans)

A

neuroscience imaging technique that uses radioactive glucose to indicate areas of activity

90
Q

positron emission tomography (PET scan)

A

neuroscience imaging technique that uses radioactive glucose to indicate areas of activity

91
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

non-invasive neuroscience imaging technique that uses magnets and radio equipment to produce detailed images

92
Q

Functional magneti resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

neuroscience imaging technique used to measure changes in blood flow

93
Q

ataxia

A

loss of coordination of muscle movements

94
Q

split brain

A

result of severing the corpus callosum so that the sides of the brain cannot communicate by the nerves that usually connect them

95
Q

aphasia

A

inability to understand language

96
Q

genome

A

sum of an organisms hereditary information

97
Q

chromosome

A

cellular organelle that contains genes

98
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA

99
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg

100
Q

polygenic

A

characteristics that multiple genes shape

Psychology (4 decks)

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