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CLASS 22005 DERM > Ch 1 A & P > Flashcards

Ch 1 A & P Flashcards

1
Q

Generates the physical force to make the body structures move

Arranged in bundles

Contractile cells that provide the ability to move the body in three dimensions

Well supplied with blood vessels (lots of energy and waste requirements)

A

Muscle Tissue

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2
Q

Detects changes inside/outside the body

Initiates and transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities and help maintain homeostasis

A

Nervous Tissue

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3
Q

Integumentary system is comprised of:

A

Skin, Hair, Nails

Accessory structures

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4
Q

Covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts; and forms glands

A

Epithelial Tissue

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5
Q

Medical term for skin and main portion of the integumentary system

A

Epithelium

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6
Q

Protects and supports the body and its organs

  • Binds organs together
  • Stores energy reserves as fat
  • Provides immunity
A

Connective tissue

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7
Q

Provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and extracellular matrix

Maintain paracellular barrier of epithelia and control transport of materials or signals between cells

A

Cell Junctions

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8
Q

Cell junctions are dense in _______ tissues because the needs to maintain both strength and integrity in a wide variety of conditions

A

Epithelial

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9
Q

Form a barrier against water and antigens passing between individual epithelial cells

A

Tight Junctions

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10
Q

Cell-to-cell adhesions continuously assembled and disassembled so cells can respond to changes in their microenvironment

A

Adherens Junctions

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11
Q

Form stable adhesion junctions between cells

A

Desmosomes

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12
Q

Allows various molecules and electrical signals to pass freely between cells

A

Gap junctions

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13
Q

Facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

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14
Q

Two broad categories of epithelial tissue

A

Covering & Lining epithelium

Glandular epithelium

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15
Q

Covers external surfaces of the body and some internal organs

Lines body cavities, blood vessels, and ducts

Lines interior of respiratory, GI, urinary and reproductive systems

Integral part of sense organs for hearing, vision and touch

A

Covering and lining epithelium

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16
Q

Secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands

A

Glandular epithelium

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17
Q

Most superficial layer of cells

A

Apical layer

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18
Q

Deepest layer of the cell

A

Basal layer

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19
Q

Thin extracellular structure composed mostly of protein fibers

Located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer

Helps to bind and support the epithelium

A

Basement membrane

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20
Q

Two ways of classifying epithelial tissue

A

Morphology

Stratification

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21
Q

Classification of epithelial cells based on shape

A

Morphology

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22
Q

Classification of epithelial cells based on number of layers

A

Stratification

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23
Q

Thin, flat shape allows rapid passage of substances through them

Can be keratinized or non-keratinized; wet or dry depending on their location

A

Squamous epithelium

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24
Q

Found in areas such as the lining of the esophagus, mouth and cervix

A

Squamous Epithelium

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25
Q

Tall as they are wide and shaped like cubes or hexagons

Frequently have microvilli at apical surface

Function in either secretion of absorption

A

Cuboidal epithelium

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26
Q

Found in areas such as the salivary glands and thyroid follicles

A

Cuboidal epithelium

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27
Q

Taller than they are wide

Protect underlying tissues

Apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli

Often specialized for secretion and absorption

A

Columnar epithelium

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28
Q

Lines most organs of the GI tract, respiratory tract, and fallopian tubes

A

Columnar epithelium

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29
Q

Able to change shape from flat to cuboidal and back depending on tension and distention of tissue

Useful for organs such as the urinary bladder, when it is stretching (distend) to a larger size and as it collapses to a smaller size

A

Transitional epithelium

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30
Q

A single layer of cells that functions in a diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion and absorption

A

Simple epithelium

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31
Q

Simple epithelium that appears to be stratified because the nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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32
Q

Specialized type of pseudostratified cells that secrete mucus and are an integral part of mucous membranes

A

Goblet cells

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33
Q

Cilia provide two forms of locomotion depending on the cell

A

Movement of the cell itself

Movement of particles or substance across or around the cell

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34
Q

Increase the surface area of a cell by multiplying the area from 2 dimensions to 3 dimensions

Enable the absorption and secretion of far more nutrients/material

A

Microvilli

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35
Q

Help anchor sperm to the egg and allow for easier fertilization

Act as an anchoring point and aid in the migration of WBCs

May sweep unwanted materials toward an absorptive area of the cell

A

Microvilli

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36
Q

Highly-insoluble fibrous protein with water proofing qualities and high friction resistance

A

Keratin

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37
Q

Epithelial cells infused with keratin in the stratum basale of the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

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38
Q

Lose their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin; they are no longer living cells

A

Keratinocytes

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39
Q

Found on wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerable wear and tear

Lining of mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, and vagina

A

Non-keratinized epithelium

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40
Q

Found on dry/outer surfaces where resistance to both friction and water is needed

Outer epidermis consists of keratinocytes that provide protection against water, friction, abrasion, and microorganisms

A

Keratinized stratified epithelium

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41
Q

Supports and physically connects other tissues/cells together to form the organs of the body

A

Connective tissue

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42
Q

More cells; Less extracellular space

A

Epithelial tissue

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43
Q

Less cells; More extracellular space

A

Connective Tissues

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44
Q

Three components of connective tissue

A

Resident cells

Extracellular Matrix

Protein fibers

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45
Q

Extracellular material produced by the connective tissue cells embedded within it.

Major component is ground substance crisscrossed by protein fibers

A

Matrix

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46
Q

Most common cells in connective tissue

Produce and maintain most of the tissue’s extracellular components

Synthesizes and secretes collagen and elastin

A

Fibroblasts

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47
Q

Fat cells or adipose cells or adipose tissue

Specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as neutral fats, or less commonly for production of heat

Large population serves to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs

A

Adipocytes

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48
Q

Components of loose connective tissues, often located near blood vessels in the skin

Function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair

A

Mast Cells

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49
Q

Most abundant protein in the body (25% of all protein)

Very strong and resistant to shear forces

Key element of all connective tissues, as well as epithelial basement membranes

A

Collagen fibers

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50
Q

Composed of elastin

Strength and elasticity

Have rubberlike properties that allow tissue containing these fibers to be stretched or distended and return to their original shape

A

Elastic fibers

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51
Q

Where are elastic fibers found?

A

Stroma of the lungs

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52
Q

Composed of glycogen and glycoprotein

Provide strength and support in the walls of small blood vessels

Supporting framework of many soft organs; most notably the immune system, liver, endocrine glands, spleen and lymph nodes

A

Reticular fibers

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53
Q

Lines entire GI, respiratory, reproductive, and much of the urinary system

Epithelial layer secretes mucous via goblet cells

  • Prevents cavities from drying out
  • Traps particles in the respiratory tract
  • Lubricates and absorbs food as it moves through the tract, secretes digestive enzymes
  • Helps bind the epithelium to underlying structures
A

Mucous membranes

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54
Q

Lines body cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior and covers organs that lie within the cavity

Includes parietal, visceral, mesothelium, pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

A

Serous membranes

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55
Q

Lines joints

Composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue with collagen fibers

No epithelial layer

A

Synovial membranes

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56
Q

Reduces frictions, lubricates and nourishes cartilage, and removes microbes/debris from the joint

A

Synovial fluid

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57
Q

Surface layer

Comprised of epithelial tissue

A

Epidermis

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58
Q

Lies inferior/deep to the epidermis

Comprised of connective tissue

A

Dermis

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59
Q

Lies inferior/deep to the dermis

Not part of the skin

A

Subcutaneous

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60
Q

Epidermis primarily consists of:

A

Continually regenerating keratinocytes

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61
Q

Lifecycle of keratinocytes

A

30 days

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62
Q

Thickness of eyelids

A

75-150 micrometers

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63
Q

Thickness of palms and soles

A

0.4 to 1.5 mm

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64
Q

Epidermis lacks any vascular structures and obtains all nutrients from the dermal vasculature by ________

A

Diffusion

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65
Q

Epidermis Layer

  • Cells consist mostly of keratin
  • Cells are shed and replaced from below
A

Stratum Corneum

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66
Q

Epidermis Layer

-Found only in palms and soles of hands and feet

A

Stratum Lucidum

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67
Q

Epidermis Layer

  • Losing cell organelles and nuclei
  • Infusion of waterproofing lipids
A

Stratum Granulosum

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68
Q

Epidermis Layer

-Cells beginning to flatten

A

Stratum Spinosum

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69
Q

Epidermis Layer

-Stem cell layer, new cells arise here

A

Stratum Basale

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70
Q

Layer of skin located between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues

Dense irregular connective tissue and functions to cushion the body from stress and strain

A

Dermis

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71
Q

What always occurs between the stratum basale of the epidermis and dermis?

A

Basement membrane

72
Q

Nutrients from keratinocytes diffuse into the avascular epidermis from the dermal vasculature through the _______ ________

A

Basement membrane

73
Q

Layer of dermis directly underneath the epidermis

A

Papillary layer (loose areolar tissue)

74
Q

Thicker than the overlying papillary dermis; comprised of a dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it

A

Reticular layer

75
Q

Protein fibers of this layer give the dermis its strength, extensibility, and elasticity

Contains the roots of the hair sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels

A

Reticular layer

76
Q

Specialized cells of the epidermis and hair follicle; primary function is synthesis and transfer of melanin to adjacent keratinocytes

A

Melanocytes

77
Q

Melanin synthesis occurs in this specialized organelle

A

Melanosome

78
Q

Melanocyte numbers are similar in individuals of different races.

Differences of pigmentation result from:

A

Amount and quality of melanin in the skin

79
Q

Typically found in the stratum spinosum

Form a mobile and dense network of cells that samples any antigens that attempt to pass through the epidermis

These monocyte-derived cells represent a large part of the skin adaptive immunity

A

Dendritic Cells

80
Q

Hair is comprised of ____ ______ cells surrounded by the hair follicle

A

Fused Keratinized

81
Q

Largely determines pattern/distribution of hair

A

Genetic/Hormonal influences

82
Q

Protection from the Scalp, Eyes, and Nostrils

A

Hair

83
Q

Release secretions directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine glands

84
Q

Release secretions onto an epithelial surface via a duct

Major role in Derm

A

Exocrine glands

85
Q

Derm-specific glands:

A

Sebaceous

Sudoriferous (sweat glands)

86
Q

An exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle and secretes an oily/waxy sebum

A

Sebaceous Glands

87
Q

Lubricates the hair in humans and other mammals

A

Sebum

88
Q

Found in all areas of skin except the palms of hands and soles of feet

A

Sebaceous glands

89
Q

Sebaceous secretions work in conjunction with ______ glands in thermoregulation

A

Apocrine

90
Q

Helps emulsify the sweat produced by the eccrine glands and this produces a sheet of sweat that is not readily lost in drops of sweat

A

Sebum

91
Q

In colder conditions sebum becomes more _____, coats the hair and skin and helps repel water

A

Lipid

92
Q

Cover nearly the entire body surface; especially dense of the palms, soles, forehead, and upper limbs

Empty directly onto the skin surface, not from hair follicles

A

Eccrine Glands

93
Q

Serves as major thermoregulation component of the integumentary system

Minimal odor from sweat

A

Eccrine Glands

94
Q

Sweat is a dilute electrolyte solution comprised of:

A

H2O

NaCl

Minimal waste product

95
Q

Different sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine glands

Apocrine glands

96
Q

Largely confined to the axillae, perineum, and concentrated in hairy areas

Attached to the hair follicle; sweat empties onto the skin via the follicle opening

Sweat is cloudy, viscous, and initially odorless. Serves as a nutrient source for microbes and has an odor.

Do not become functional until puberty

A

Apocrine Glands

97
Q

Distal margin of nail plate

A

Free edge

98
Q

Portion of the nail that is visible; colored pink because of underlying capillaries

Surrounded by a soft tissue border known as the lateral and proximal nail folds

A

Nail body (plate)

99
Q

Visible part of the matrix; whitish crescent at base of nail plate

A

Lunula

100
Q

Semi-circular layer of epithelial cells (covering the proximal portion of nail plate

A

Cuticle

101
Q

Thickened area of stratum carenum beneath the free edge that attaches the free edge to the fingertip

A

Nail bed

102
Q

Portion of the nail that is not visible

A

Nail root

103
Q

Proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root where new nail cells are produced

A

Nail matrix

104
Q

Nail functions

A

Protects

Enhances precise and delicate finger movements with counter-pressure

Extended precision grip

105
Q

Nail growth rate is highly dependent on:

A

Age

Sex

Season

Exercise level

Diet

Other factors

106
Q

Fingernails grow approx. ___ mm per month

Take ___ months to regrow completely

A

3.5 mm

3-6 months

107
Q

Toenails grow approx. ___ mm per month

Require ___ months to regrow completely

A

1.6 mm

12-18 months

108
Q

Pallor or paleness may occur in condition such as:

A

Shock

Anemia

109
Q

Three main pigments that influence skin pigmentation

A

Melanin (epidermis)

Carotene (dermis)

Hemoglobin (red blood cells within capillaries of dermis)

110
Q

High melanin rate =

A

Darker brown to black skin tones

111
Q

High carotene rate =

A

Yellow to reddish tones

112
Q

High hemoglobin rate =

A

Red to pinkish tone

113
Q

Primary determinant of skin color, hair color and eye color

A

Melanin

114
Q

Yellow colored, lipid-soluble compounds found in red, orange, yellow and green vegetables and fruit

A

Carotenoids

115
Q

Excessive intake of foods that characterizes the skin to be yellow-orange

A

Carotenemia

116
Q

Skin turned to yellow orange discoloration from Carotenemia can return to normal with:

A

Dietary Modifications

117
Q

Sudden drop in oxygenation can change the skin color

initially: _______ and prolonged: _____

A

Pallor initially

Cyanotic prolonged

118
Q

Stimulates melanin production; increasing both the amount and darkness of the melanin pigment imparted into the epidermis

A

UV Light Exposure

119
Q

Protects the skin against UV radiation damage

A

Melanin

120
Q

Predisposing factor for skin cancer

A

UV overexposure

121
Q

A genetic (recessive-inherited) condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment in the eyes, skin or hair

Affects people of all races

A

Albinism

122
Q

Main health complications for Albinism

A

Sunburns

Increased risk for cancer

123
Q

Acquired depigmentation the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes

Affects 0.5-1.0%

Systemic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack the melanocytes

A

Vitiligo

124
Q

Tattoos

Macrophages containing the pigment in the papillary dermis are trapped in the ______ matrix, forming a homogenized layer below the dermal/epidermal boundary

A

Collagen matrix

125
Q

Homeostatic temperature regulation occurs by what two methods?

A

Transfer of heat via sweating (evaporation)

Maximizing or minimizing heat loss (radiation)

126
Q

High environmental temperature

Dermal blood vessels _____

A

Dilate

127
Q

Low Environment temperature

Dermal blood vessels _______

A

Constrict

128
Q

Produced in the epidermis that protects from microbes, abrasion, heat, water loss, and chemicals

A

Keratin (protein)

129
Q

Released by lamellar granules inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface and prevent dehydration

A

Lipids (fats)

130
Q

Provides protection against damaging effects of UV light

A

Melanin (pigment)

131
Q

Prevent hair from drying out, are mildly bactericidal and have acidic pH

A

Sebum

132
Q

Cutaneous sensation

-Tactile sensations

A

Exteroceptors

133
Q

Cutaneous sensation

-Touch

A

Mechanoreceptors

134
Q

Cutaneous Sensation

-Pressure

A

Baroreceptors

135
Q

Cutaneous Sensation

-Vibration

A

Meissner Corpuscles

136
Q

Thermal Sensation

-Warmth & Coolness

A

Thermoreceptors

137
Q

Cutaneous sensation

-Pain (impending or actual tissue damage)

A

Nociceptors

138
Q

Skin has a small role in _______

Has a big role in ______

A

Excretion

Absorption

139
Q

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation activates:

A

Vitamin D

140
Q

Vitamin D is converted to calcitriol which aids in the absorption of:

A

Calcium and phosphorus

141
Q

Immunovascular response, without regard to the cause, to any potentially harmful stimuli

Generic response, it is not tailored to the specific stimuli

A

Inflammation

142
Q

5 Signs of Inflammation

A

Localized Hyperthermia

Erythema

Localized Edema

Pain

Loss of Function

143
Q

Aggregation of macrophages formed from chronic inflammation

Immune system attempts to isolate foreign substances that it cannot eliminate

A

Granulomatous inflammation (CYSTIC)

144
Q

Characterized by the presence of an amorphous mass composed of active neutrophils, cellular debris and microbes

Generally caused by certain pyogenic bacteria (Staph) and forms an abscess

A

Suppurative Inflammation (ABSCESS)

145
Q

Inflammation occurring near epithelium that results in necrotic loss of surface tissue that exposes lower layers

The subsequent excavation in the epithelium is known as an ulcer

A

Ulcerative inflammation (Ulcers)

146
Q

The inevitable physiologic changes of the skin that occur with time and are influenced by genetic and hormonal factors

Not preventable and happens to everyone

A

Intrinsic Aging

147
Q

The preventable structural and functional changes of the skin that occur with exposure to:

A

Environmental factors

Lifestyle (tobacco, ETOH, illicit drugs)

Social determinants

Elective Cosmetic surgeries

148
Q

Most important source of preventable extrinsic aging is:

A

Ultraviolet radiation

149
Q

Epidermal Aging starts between what ages?

A

30 & 80

150
Q

Aging

Epidermal turnover rate decreases by ___% which decreases wound repair capacity

A

30-50%

151
Q

Epidermal Aging

Overall thinning of unexposed epidermis by ____% which makes it easier to cause injury to underlying tissues

A

10-50%

152
Q

Epidermal Aging

Decrease in number and function of melanocytes by ___% per decade which causes an elevated risk of skin cancer in the elderly

A

20%

153
Q

Epidermal Aging

Reduction in number and responsiveness of ________ cells cause weakened cutaneous immunity in the elderly

A

Langerhans cells

154
Q

Reduction of collagen fiber production enhances rate and amount of UV exposure

Reduction of elastin fiber production

Decreased skin hydration and characteristic elderly xerosis (dry skin)

A

Dermal Aging

155
Q

The restoration of tissue architecture after injury encompasses two separate processes:

A

Regeneration

Replacement

156
Q

Damaged tissue is completely restored

A

Regeneration

157
Q

Severely damaged or non-regenerable tissue is repaired by laying down connective tissue, resulting in scarring

A

Replacement

158
Q

Most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue and has capacity for continuous renewal

A

Epithelial Tissue

159
Q

Adequate renewal capacity; slower than epithelial tissues and prone to hyperproliferation (scarring)

A

Connective Tissue

160
Q

Relatively poor capacity for renewal. Tissue does not divide rapidly enough to replace extensively damaged fibers

A

Muscular Tissue

161
Q

Poorest capacity for renewal because it does not undergo mitosis to replace damaged neurons

A

Nervous Tissue

162
Q

Inflammatory phase occurs ___ days post injury

A

1-3 days

163
Q

Serves mainly to clear bacteria and debris from the wound and to prepare wound environment for repair

A

Inflammatory phase

164
Q

Forms in the injured space providing hemostasis and inducing both cellular and chemical inflammatory responses

A

Platelet and Fibrin clots

165
Q

Release chemical mediators causing local capillary vasodilation increasing permeability and augmenting local blood flow and migration of inflammatory cells to the injury area

A

Mast Cells

166
Q

Phagocytose cellular debris, bacteria, and foreign material, and release multiple factors that further the inflammatory reaction

After they are done, they are removed via physical sloughing or are phagocytosed themselves by macrophages

A

Neutrophils

167
Q

Proliferative phase occurs ___ days post injury

A

2 to 10 days

168
Q

Purpose is to construct granulation tissue to fill the defect caused by the wound

Fibroblasts are the major cellular agent in this phase and produce Type III collagen to provide structural integrity to the new tissue

A

Proliferative phase

169
Q

Provides contractile force to minimize wound surface area during healing. Once enough extracellular matrix has been laid done most fibroblasts undergo apoptosis

A

Collagen

170
Q

Healing “Early Remodeling” Phase occurs ___ weeks post injury

A

2-3 weeks

171
Q

Healing “Late Remodeling” Phase occurs how long post injury?

A

Months to > 1 year

172
Q

Late Remodeling Phase

The Type III collagen laid down by the fibroblasts is replaced with Type ___ collagen and collagen fibrils become more organized

A

Type I

173
Q

Tensile strength of the wound at 3 weeks post injury

A

20%

174
Q

Tensile strength of the wound at 6 weeks post injury

A

70-80%

175
Q

Relies on dermal edges that are close together and easily approximated

Ex: Sutures, staples, dermal adhesive

A

Primary Intention

176
Q

Relies on formation of granulation tissue to fill the space between the wound opening or edges

A

Secondary Intention

CLASS 22005 DERM (25 decks)

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