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BI283—Genetics > Module 4—The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance > Flashcards

Module 4—The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

mendel’s 3rd law

A

law of dominance

does not reflect most traits

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2
Q

Schleiden & Schwann

A

cell theory

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3
Q

Walter Flemming

A

discovered chromosomes via microscopy

saw they were separated during mitosis

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4
Q

Sutton & Boveri

A

connected events of meiosis with Mendel’s laws

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5
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

fly lab

mapped first genes to specific chromosomes

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6
Q

found by Morgan not to exhibit Mendelian inheritance

A

sex-linked traits

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7
Q

hemizygous

A

describes males’ Y chromosome paired with X chromosome

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8
Q

reciprocal cross

A

cross of mutant father + wild type mother, AND cross of mutant mother + wild type father

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9
Q

homogametic

A

2 copies of same sex chromosome

female

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10
Q

heterogametic

A

sex chromosomes differ

male

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11
Q

__________ X chromosome has no effect on sons

A

paternal

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12
Q

in mammals, sex is determined by….

A

presence of Y chromosome

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13
Q

gene for testes development

A

SRY

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14
Q

how mammals deal with double dose of X chromosomes in females

___ bodies

A

X inactivation

Barr bodies - bound up X chromosome in heterochromatin

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15
Q

can become ovary or testis based on…

A

bipotential gonad

presence or absence of SRY gene

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16
Q

X-O system

A

XX is female

X0 is male

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17
Q

Z-W system

A

ZW is female

ZZ is male

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18
Q

haplo-diploid system

A

diploids are female

haploids are male

males have no fathers; develop from unfertilized eggs

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19
Q

genic sex determination

A

genes, not chromosomes, determine sex

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20
Q

environmental sex determination example

A

temperature determines ratio of males in all the eggs

(reptiles)

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21
Q

linked genes

A

located close together on same chromosome

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22
Q

gave evidence for recombination that separated linked genes

A

production of nonparental alleles in small numbers

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23
Q

recombination frequency

A

degree to which 2 linked genes assort independently due to crossing over

= 100 (total recombinants / total offspring)

24
Q

the closer two genes are, the _____ likely they will be separated

A

less

25
Q

Alfred Sturtevant

A

used recombination frequencies to map genes on particular chromosomes

26
Q

Sturtevart used __________ to calculate rates of recombination

A

3-factor crosses

3 linked genes together

27
Q

smaller recombination frequency = _______ distance between genes

A

shorter

28
Q

recombination frequency cannot exceed…

A

0.5

(normal independent assortment)

29
Q

map of chromosomes based on recombination frequency

A

linkage map

30
Q

first whole-genome analysis

A

Alfred Sturtevant’s linkage map

31
Q

chromosome scale variation

A

large scale chromosomal alterations

32
Q

tolerated better by plants

A

chromosome scale variation

aneuploidy

33
Q

removal of chromosome segment

example

A

deletion

crit du chat syndrome

34
Q

repetiton of a segment

cause?

A

duplication

unequal crossing over

35
Q

reversal of a segment

A

inversion

36
Q

movement of a segment from one chromosome to a nonhomolog

2 types

A

translocation

reciprocal (trading)

nonreciprocal (no trading)

37
Q

duplications can lead to…

A

new functions

38
Q

subfunctionalization

A

one copy of a duplicated gene expressed in some tissue, the other in some other tissue

39
Q

neofunctionalization

significance

A

duplicated gene takes on a new function

potentially origin of more complex genes

40
Q

most common fate of duplications

A

degeneration / gene loss

41
Q

translocations can form…

ex. chronic myeloid leukemia

A

gene fusions

42
Q

gene fusions can occur during _____

A

mitosis

43
Q

normal amount of chromosomes

A

euploidy

44
Q

aneuploidy

A

fewer or extra chromosomes

45
Q

other trisomies (besides Downs)

A

Edward

Patau

46
Q

less disruptive aneuploidies located on…

A

sex chromosomes

47
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

male traits

XXY

XXYY

XXXY

48
Q

Turner syndrome

A

female traits

XO

49
Q

only viable monosomy

A

Turner syndrome

XO

50
Q

aneuploidy results from…

A

nondisjunction events

51
Q

2 forms of nondisjunction

A

homologs fail to separate in meiosis I

sisters fail to separate in meiosis II

52
Q

common carriers of whole genome duplications

A

crop plants

53
Q

autopolyploids

A

genome is duplicated; meiotic error leads to failure to separate

gametes fuse to form polyploid zygote

54
Q

allopolyploids

A

chromosome sets combine from different species

amphibians

55
Q

allowed for the evolution of vertebrates

A

2 genome duplication events

BI283—Genetics (5 decks)

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