The Evolution of Psychology

Question 1

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

Answer 1

Established the first lab for psych in 1879, campaigned to make psych an independent discipline, from Germany

Question 2

What is structuralism? Who was it led by?

Answer 2

Led by Edward Titchner, and focused on analyzing consciousness, used introspection

Question 3

What is functionalism? Who was it led by?

Answer 3

Led by William James, focused on investigating the function or purpose of the consciousness

Question 4

Who is the founder of behaviourism?

Answer 4

John B. Watson

Question 5

Who is Sigmund Freud?

Answer 5

Founded psychoanalytic school of thought, emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behaviour

Question 6

What are the 5 psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 6

1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genital

Question 7

What are the Id, ego, and superego?

Answer 7

Id - pleasure principle “I want it now”
Ego - reality principle “We need to plan and wait in order to have it”
Superego - morality principle “You can’t have it, it’s not right”

Question 8

What are the defense mechanisms?

Answer 8

1) Repression
2) Denial
3) Projection
4) Displacement
5) Regression
6) Sublimation
7) Reaction Formation - Forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable thoughts
8) Rationalization
9) Intellectualization - Works to reduce anxiety by thinking about events in a cold and clinical way

Question 9

Who was B.F. Skinner?

Answer 9

• Thought that environmental factors determine behaviour
• Responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated
• Responses that lead negative outcomes are not repeated
• Controversy regarding free will and the debate between nature vs. nurture

Question 10

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 10

Classical - neutral stimulus elicits a response

Operant - associating a behaviour with a consequence

Question 11

What are the differences between a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 11

Unconditioned stimulus - elicits a natural response

Conditioned stimulus - neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response

Question 12

What are the differences between a conditioned and unconditioned responses?

Answer 12

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE - unlearned reaction to UCS

CONDITIONED RESPONSE - response that has been conditioned

Question 13

Who was Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 13

created law of effect, - If stimulus leads to satisfying effect, response is strengthened

Question 14

What did B.F. Skinner create?

Answer 14

the principle of reinforcement, positive/negative reinforcement or punishment

Question 15

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 15

positive - Added to increase the behaviour

negative - Removed to increase the behaviour

Question 16

What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?

Answer 16

positive - Added to decrease the behaviour

negative - Removed to decrease the behaviour

Question 17

What are the schedules of reinforcement? How do they work?

Answer 17

Continuous reinforcement - behaviour is reinforced every time
Partial reinforcement - reinforcement does not occur every time
Ratio schedules - reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses
Interval schedules - reinforcement occurs after a certain amount of time has passed

Question 18

Why did people not like psychoanalytic theory or behaviourism?

Answer 18

• Charges that both were dehumanizing, and diverse opposition groups got together to form a loose alliance

Question 19

Who led humanism? What was their emphasis?

Answer 19

Led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, emphasis on the unique qualities of humans; freedoms and personal growth
- maslow created “maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 20

what did piaget lead?

Answer 20

he led cognition, application of scientific methods to studying internal mental events, memory, perception, and attention

Question 21

what does each side of the brain specialize in?

Answer 21

left - logic and thought

right - music and creativity

Question 22

What is positive psychology?

Answer 22

Uses theory and research to better understand the positive aspects of human existence